История России. Переход к реакционной политике. Аракчеевщина (самое важное)

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История России. Переход к реакционной политике. Аракчеевщина (самое важное)

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20. Transition to reactionary politics. Arakcheevshchina

1815-1825 entered the history of Russia under the name "Arakcheevshchina". The restoration of the country after the war with the French was carried out at the expense of the peasants. Fearing uprisings, the tsar resorted to liberal measures. He promised to introduce a constitution in Russia and instructed Arakcheev to draw up a plan for the liberation of the peasants. Nevertheless, a harsh reaction existed in Russia from 1820 until the end of the reign of Alexander I. The main manifestation of the reactionary regime was brutal terror.

But under Alexander I, military settlements were created. The goals of this innovation were to reduce the cost of the army, as well as to create an effective means for the rapid suppression of peasant uprisings. The state peasants were transferred by the counties to the position of military settlers and had to combine army service with their usual duties.

The punitive policy was carried out in all spheres of the life of the state, including education. In 1817, the Ministry of Education was merged with the spiritual department and renamed the Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education. At its head stood the prince A. N. Golitsyn. Russian universities were subject to revisions, many professors were expelled, some were put on trial.

The police regime was strengthened. Having destroyed the secret police in 1801, Alexander I 1805 BC established the Higher Police Committee, 1807 BC transformed into the Committee for the Protection of Public Safety. AT 1820 BC secret police were introduced into the army. All these measures were designed to prevent the emergence of new centers of the revolutionary movement. For the period from 1820 to 1825. there were thirteen unrest in various military units. One of them happened in 1820 in the Semyonovsky Guards Regiment in St. Petersburg.

The only liberal measure taken by Alexander I was the liberation of the peasants in the Baltic states without giving them land. The tsarist government supported the Baltic nobility. Once every three years, the nobles gathered for meetings - Landtags, where they discussed draft resolutions, which were subsequently considered by the government. At the Landtags, a collegium of landrats was elected, which dealt with the affairs of local government.

Restrictions on the amount of dues and corvee were abolished, landowners received the right to sell peasants and the right to exile them to Siberia.

Authors: Ivanushkina V.V., Trifonova N.O., Babaev G.A.

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