КОЛЛЕГИАЛЬНЫЕ ОРГАНЫ В ПЕРИОД ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ АБСОЛЮТНОЙ МОНАРХИИ В РОССИИ

In 1717 begins replacement of orders by collegiums. When creating them, Peter I took the structure of the Swedish central government bodies as a model.

In fact, the colleges began to work in 1718-1721. these included the following:

1. College of Foreign Affairs - headed by the chancellor, the chancellor was a member of the Senate.

2. Military - its president was a member of the Senate.

3. Admiralty Board - its president was a member of the Senate.

4. Chamber College - Financial College, which was in charge of collecting the state. income.

5. Staff-offices-board - the financial board in charge of the state. expenses.

6. Revision board - the financial board that audited the state. finance.

7. Berg Collegium - an economic collegium that dealt with mining (and heavy industry in general).

8. Manufactory College - the economic college, which was in charge of light industry.

9. Commerce Collegium - an economic collegium dealing with trade, primarily foreign trade.

10. Justice Collegium - a legal collegium, it was in charge of justice issues.

11. The patrimonial board - a legal board dealing with court cases on land ownership.

12. (Holy) Synod (Theological Board), in its competence were church affairs. He had a special status, reminiscent of the status of the Governing Senate. The members of the Synod, church hierarchs, were appointed by the tsar, who thus effectively became the head of the Russian Orthodox Church. At the heart of the organization of the activities of the boards was collegial management principle. The boards were headed by presidents, who did not single-handedly lead their colleagues, but were, as it were, “first among equals,” although in fact the powers of power were concentrated with the presidents. Only the president of the board had the right to personally report to the emperor. Peter I appointed foreigners as vice-presidents of most boards. The board, in addition to the president and vice-president, included advisers and assessors, all of whom had the right to vote at the presence (meeting) of the board. The collegium (but not members of the collegium with voting rights) also included technical workers (former clerks and clerks): collegiate secretaries, collegiate registrars and collegiate translators.

In 1708, Russia was divided by Peter I into eight provinces, then the number of provinces increased. Later, a three-tier system of administrative-territorial division of Russia emerged: province - province - district (district). At the same time, the main layer of administrative functions was lowered from the provincial level to the provincial level. At the head of the province was the governor, at the head of the province and district - the governor, these were officials appointed from the center.

The former elected provincial and zemstvo bodies (huts) were abolished by Peter I as early as the beginning of the XNUMXth century.

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