Table of contents (expand)
- Subject, method, social value of the history of the Russian state and law
- The emergence of the ancient Russian state. Princely statutes - sources of ancient Russian law
- The legal status of the population according to Russian Pravda
- The political system of the ancient Russian state
- Civil law and procedural law according to Russian Pravda
- Crime and punishment according to Russian Truth
- Causes of feudal fragmentation in Rus'. The social system of the Novgorod feudal republic
- Pskov court charter. Novgorod judicial charter
- State system of the Novgorod feudal republic
- Rise of the empire of Genghis Khan. Golden Horde. State and Law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
- Prerequisites for the formation of a Russian centralized state. social order
- Political system during the formation of the Russian centralized state
- Sudebnik 1497
- The social system and the development of the form of state unity in the period of a class-representative monarchy. Zemsky Sobors
- Zemsky Sobors 1549-1653 Their structure, powers
- Zemsky and labial huts
- Stages of enslavement of peasants in Rus'. The legal status of the peasants and townspeople according to the conciliar code of 1649
- Feudal tenure according to the cathedral code of 1649
- Council code of 1649: system of contracts, crime and punishment, procedural law
- Social and state system of Ukraine in the second half of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Procedural law under Peter I. "A brief depiction of processes or litigation"
- The legal status of estates in the XVIII century. Article military
- Stages of the emergence of absolute monarchy in Russia. Governing Senate
- Collegial bodies during the formation and development of absolute monarchy in Russia
- The social system in Russia in the first half of the XNUMXth century
- The development of the form of state unity of Russia in the first half of the XNUMXth century
- Changes in the state mechanism of Russia in the first half of the XIX century. Under Alexander I
- Changes in the state mechanism of Russia under Nicholas I. Systematization of Russian legislation in the first half of the XNUMXth century.
- Personal and property rights and obligations of peasants who emerged from serfdom. Temporarily liable peasants and peasant owners
- Military and judicial reforms in the second half of the XNUMXth century
- Reforms of the second half of the XNUMXth century: zemstvo, city and Stolypin agrarian reforms
- State system of Russia in 1900-1914
- Basic state laws as amended in 1906
- State system and development of law in Russia during the First World War
- The state and law of Russia at the beginning of 1917
- State and Law of Russia in June-October 1917
- Development of the form of state unity in October 1917 - July 1918 Creation of the Soviet state apparatus
- Changes in the social system of Russia after October 1917
- Sources of Soviet law in 1917-1918. Appeal to "Workers, Soldiers and Peasants"
- Decrees “On Peace”, “On Land”, “On the Formation of a Workers’ and Peasants’ Government”
- "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia". Development and adoption of the constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 Principles of democracy according to the constitution of the RSFSR of 1918
- Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918: principles of federation, suffrage, supreme bodies of state power and administration
- Family and financial law in 1917-1918
- Bodies of state power and administration during the Civil War
- Law enforcement and judicial authorities during the Civil War
- The development of the form of state unity during the Civil War
- Development of law during the Civil War
- Marriage and family law according to the CZAGS of the RSFSR 1918
- Development of the state apparatus during the NEP years. All-Union Congress of Soviets, Central Executive Committee of the USSR
- The development of the state apparatus during the years of the NEP. Council of People's Commissars, law enforcement agencies
- Education of the USSR. Constitution of the USSR 1924 Criminal Code of the RSFSR 1922
- Civil Code of the RSFSR 1922
- Family law during the NEP
- The foreign policy of the Soviet state in the prewar period in 1920 - early 1930s
- The foreign policy of the Soviet state in 1939-1940
- The development of the form of state unity in 1930-1941
- Preparation and adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1936. Changes in financial law in 1930-1941
- General characteristics of the legal system in 1930-1941. Changing family and criminal law
- Restructuring of the state apparatus during the Great Patriotic War
- Changing the form of state unity during the Great Patriotic War
- Changes in civil and family law during the Great Patriotic War
- Changes in criminal law during the Great Patriotic War
- The foreign policy of the Soviet state in 1945 - early 1950s
- State mechanism in 1945 - early 1950s. Civil, family and financial law
- Changes in the state apparatus in the mid-1950s - mid-1960s
- Development of law in the mid-1950s - mid-1960s
- The development of the form of state unity in the mid-1950s - mid-1960s. Fundamentals of Civil Legislation of the Union of the SSR and Union Republics, 1961
- State mechanism in the mid-1960s
- State mechanism in the late 1960s - mid-1980s
- USSR Constitution 1977
- The development of law in the mid-1960s - mid-1980s Administrative, housing and family law
- The development of law in the mid-1960s - mid-1980s Labor, land and environmental law
- The development of law in the mid-1960s - mid-1980s Agricultural, criminal, corrective labor law
- The collapse of the political system in the mid-1980s - mid-1990s
- The main directions of development of law in the mid-1980s - early 1990s.
- The main directions of development of law in the early 1990s
- The main directions of development of law in the mid-1990s
PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN CENTRALIZED STATE. SOCIAL ORDER
An important prerequisite for the unification of Russian lands was the restoration and development of the economy, which was the economic basis of the struggle for unification and independence.
Nominally, the Grand Duke of Vladimir was considered the head of North-Eastern Russia, therefore, in the struggle for the throne of Vladimir, the question of which principality would lead the process of unification of Russian lands was decided. From the beginning of the XIV century. there is an exaltation of the Moscow (great) principality in this role.
The reasons for the rise of Moscow are as follows.
1. Favorable geographical and economic position in the upper reaches of the Volga.
2. Moscow for a long time developed as a closed society, which ensured its independence in foreign policy, this (great) principality did not gravitate towards either Lithuania or the Horde, which allowed it to become the center of the national liberation struggle of the Russian people.
3. Muscovites attracted to their side the largest Russian cities (Kostroma, Nizh. Novgorod, etc.).
4. Muscovites managed to win over the church.
5. The absence of enmity among the (great) princes of the Muscovite house as a result of a fortunate combination of circumstances in each succession to the throne. So far, there were no forces to fight the Tatars. Ivan Kalita and his successors cooperated with them, while the Tverites were preparing uprisings that ended in defeat. However, as soon as strife began in the Horde, Dmitry Donskoy strikes the Tatars on the Kulikovo field (1380).
The productive forces were poorly developed, there was no capitalist structure in the country's economy, cities played an insignificant role, and the class struggle took place on a limited scale. The conquest of the specific princes went on simultaneously with the liberation from the Tatar yoke, so it was Moscow that managed to take the place of the center of state unification.
At the top of the pyramid of social hierarchy were the feudal lords (boyars) headed by the Grand Duke. All the boyars obeyed the Grand Duke and carried the state. service, while the most well-born and sovereign of them constituted the main opposition to the increasing power of the monarch.
Grand Duke tried to rely on the service nobility, which favors numerous estates. A staircase of court ranks appears: "introduced boyar", okolnichik, butler, treasurer, equestrian, kravchiy, trapper, falconer, bed-keeper. The introduced boyars and okolnichy made up the Boyar Duma.
A special (primarily spiritual and ideological) role was played by clergy, the period of formation of the Russian centralized state was marked by the rapid growth of numerous Orthodox monasteries, especially in the northern regions of the country.
Rural population - the peasantry - fell under feudal bondage and was gradually enserfed.
city top (merchants) had their own corporate organizations, while the urban lower classes in their legal status approached the peasants.
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