History of domestic state and law. Social system in Russia in the first half of the 19th century (the most important)

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History of domestic state and law. Social system in Russia in the first half of the 19th century (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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SOCIAL SYSTEM IN RUSSIA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th century.

In 1785, Catherine II issued a charter to the nobility, which was a codification of legislation on the status of the nobility. The following rights were assigned to the nobles:

1) personal - bodily integrity (the nobles were not subjected to corporal punishment and torture); the right to heraldry (coat of arms); exemption from compulsory public service (first approved by Peter III in the Manifesto on Liberty to the Nobility of 1762);

2) property - a monopoly on the possession of populated estates; the right to own subsoil on the landowner's land (in contrast to the decree of Peter I, who left the subsoil to the state); exemption from taxes and duties; the right to any entrepreneurial activity not prohibited by law (except for retail trade); distillery monopoly.

Nobility assemblies were created at the county and provincial levels, which elected the appropriate leaders of the nobility. The nobles elected their class judges (for the county courts and the upper zemstvo courts) and even some of the officials.

In 1785, Catherine II also issued a charter to cities, which codified legislation on the status of the urban population.

There were 6 categories of urban population:

1) city merchants, divided into guilds depending on the size of their fortune;

2) urban intelligentsia, bankers and capitalists, who formed a layer of honorary (eminent) citizens who had the rights of personal nobles;

3) townspeople engaged in small trade, who made up a significant layer of urban inhabitants;

4) townspeople who were engaged in crafts and received the legal status of artisans. The Charter to the cities of 1785 also included a special Craft Charter;

5) foreign citizens, as well as non-residents;

6) all other townspeople.

In the cities, city dumas were created, which were led by mayors (mayors).

The clergy was still divided into black (monastic) and white (parish). The ministers of the church were, like the nobles, in a privileged legal position (they, in particular, were exempted from corporal punishment and land tax).

Among the peasantry, the most difficult was the position of the most numerous category - the landlord peasants. Since 1816, part of the state peasants was transferred to the position of military settlers. Such categories of the peasantry as possessive peasants remained (since 1840, factory owners were allowed to free them from serfdom, which significantly increased the productivity of their labor) and appanage (palace) peasants.

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