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THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CONFLICT G. SIMMEL
German sociologist Georg Simmel (1858-1918) is the founder of the direction of social conflict, in particular the theory of functional conflict. As the author of 30 books, the theory of conflict Simmel described in works:"Sociology" (1908), "Social differentiation", "Conflict and group bonds", "How society is possible".
On Simmel, conflict in society is inevitable and universal, as it stimulates change and develops society for the better. Within the framework of formal sociology, to which he belonged Simmel, the conflict was considered primarily at the macro level. At the same time, the sociologist writes: "The individual is the place where social threads are connected."
Personality forms the social interactions that construct society. Perceiving another person, we endow him with some of our own traits and create a "generalized type". Typifying his environment, the individual realizes that this does not exhaust the content of the personality, therefore, a contradiction arises - a conflict.
Simmel the first emphasizes the importance of spatial distance, which can arise in the social interactions of individuals. Appears status isolation - the status of a stranger, who is the most socially distant, and therefore free, causes a negative attitude on the part of others. But it is the emergence of such a status through conflict that leads to positive changes.
In society, there are various groups that have an independent reality and act according to intra-group laws. The conflict in the group affects the structure of the elements of this group, believes Simmel. The resulting contradiction can strengthen the centralization in the group and contribute to its self-preservation. The group may intentionally look for conflict situations outside in order to develop and progress in society. Another way of development is the closeness of the social group, its localization, the crystallization of forms of social interaction, adherence to traditions. All this slows down the development in society.
The inclusion of a third party in social contradiction is Simmel's undeniable contribution to social conflict theory. In confrontation, the sociologist believes, the conflict can develop in only one direction and have one outcome that excludes others. The inclusion of a third party provides multifaceted interactions, forms various relationships - from group solidarity to open confrontation.
Due to the variety of social interactions, society acquires different opportunities and conditions for development and is transformed. Thus, according to the theory Simmel, conflict performs an important positive function in the social process.
Author: Kuzmina T.V.
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