Logistics. Financial flows in logistics (the most important)

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Logistics. Financial flows in logistics (the most important)

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81. FINANCIAL FLOWS IN LOGISTICS

All economic flows in logistics divided into financial and non-financial. Financial flows include the movement of cash, financial claims and liabilities in various forms. They are formed as a result of economic activity and, after the sale of products and services, ensure the circulation of fixed and working capital and relationships with the institutions of the credit and financial system.

Financial flows represent the movement of financial resources, i.e., the totality of all types of funds, financial assets that an economic entity has and can dispose of. They are intended to fulfill financial obligations, implement the costs of expanded reproduction and economic incentives for workers. They are the result of the interaction of receipts, expenditures and distribution of funds, their accumulation and use.

There are the following methods of financial settlements in logistics.

Documentary letter of credit - the obligation given by the bank as a result of the order received by it from the client-importer, to pay the exporter a certain amount against the transfer of certain documents before a certain date. Depending on the guarantees provided to the exporter, a revocable letter of credit, which can be revoked at any time, and an irrevocable letter of credit are distinguished. The latter may or may not be confirmed. In both cases, the obligation of the issuing bank is firm.

Types of documentary letter of credit:

1) at sight - the exporter receives the amount of payment in exchange for the transfer of documents in his bank;

2) acceptance - when transferring documents, the exporter issues a draft to the advising bank, which accepts it. The accepted draft is then taken into account. Thus, the exporter can receive payment in any case, and the importer - only upon the due date of performance;

3) with deferred payment - payment is made not upon transfer of documents, but after the expiration of the period specified in the letter of credit;

4) "stand-by" is a declaration of a full guarantee issued by a bank;

5) transferable - the recipient of the payment in this case may instruct his bank to transfer the entire amount or part of it to another beneficiary;

6) returnable - this is a letter of credit that can be replaced by a non-transferable letter of credit issued in favor of another beneficiary;

7) revolving, or automatically renewed, - after using the letter of credit, the issuing bank renews it for the initial amount. This type of documentary letter of credit is convenient for an importer who receives goods in batches;

8) documentary collection - a method of financial settlements used in conditions where partners know each other well and their reliability and solvency are not in doubt. It can simultaneously be a means of payment and a lending instrument.

Types of documentary collection:

1) collection "documents against payment" - the collecting bank provides the importer with documents only against payment in cash in the currency specified in the contract;

2) collection "documents against acceptance" - the collecting bank provides documents against the acceptance of the draft.

Author: Shepeleva A.Yu.

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Temperature sensor TMP107 22.11.2016

The new TMP107 temperature sensor supports up to 32 devices in series. A chain of TMP107 sensors is connected to the microcontroller via one single-wire UART interface.

Each sensor has a unique 5-bit address stored in electrically erasable programmable memory (EEPROM). The address is assigned during the auto assignment operation and is based on the position of each sensor in the chain. The transmission distance of the UART bus can be up to 300 meters. Data is transmitted between sensors using the proprietary SMAART Wire protocol.

The TMP107 provides maximum flexibility in use, allowing you to choose between low power consumption (e.g. when running on batteries) and high refresh rates for real-time applications.

The warning function of the TMP107 is implemented with two registers for storing programmable values for low and high temperatures. After each measurement, the temperature is compared with the values from these registers. When the specified range is exceeded, the sensor sends a corresponding signal, which can be processed by the microcontroller or displayed on the alarm warning LED.

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Features:

High accuracy:
+-0,4°C (max.) at -20°C to +70°C;
+-0,55°C (max.) at -40°C to +100°C;
+-0,7°C (max.) at -55°C to +125°C;
High resolution: 14 bits (0,015625°C);
UART-compatible wired SMAART interface;
Support up to 32 serial devices;
EEPROM for unique addressing, programmable values, general purpose data storage;
Continuous operation and shutdown mode to save energy;
Single conversion mode for energy saving;
Programmable warnings;
Temperature range: -55°C to +125°C;
Voltage range: 1,7 to 5,5V;
Chassis: SOIC-8.

Applications:

Refrigerators and refrigerating chambers;
Distributed temperature measurements;
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Building automation;
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Medical instruments;
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