History of medicine. Pathological anatomy in Russia (the most important)

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History of medicine. Pathological anatomy in Russia (the most important)

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47. Pathological anatomy in Russia

Development of pathological anatomy in Russia occurred directly in connection with the clinics. Autopsies were regularly performed on the bodies of those who died in hospitals. Autopsies in Russia began to be carried out officially and regularly back in the first half of the XNUMXth century, at the Moscow Medical and Surgical Academy, which is earlier than in other countries. At Moscow University, St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, pathological anatomy was taught by anatomists in the course of normal anatomy, as well as by clinicians in courses of pathology and therapy. It should be noted that Russian doctors understood the great importance of pathological anatomy for the clinic.

I. V. Buyalsky, I. E. Dyadkovsky, G. I. Sokolsky, N. I. Pirogov began reading a special course of lectures that were devoted to the problems of pathological anatomy. The reading of these lectures took place even before the creation of special departments of pathological anatomy.

The first professor of pathological anatomy at Moscow University was A. I. Polunin (1820-1888). In his works, AI Polunin noted the importance of the nervous system in various pathological processes that occur in the body. Polunin criticized the cellular theory of Virchow, the humoral doctrine of Rokitansky. He believed that both solid parts and juices are equally important for the human body, and he was also sure that changes that occur in one thing (solid part or juice) entail changes in another. After Polunin returned from a trip to Western Europe in 1845, he noted that in some countries (for example, in Germany), clinicians paid insufficient attention to pathological anatomy. A. I. Polunin wrote: “Students do not have the right to be present at the autopsies of all the dead in the Charite. The autopsies themselves are carried out for the most part carelessly, superficially.

In the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy in 1859, an independent department of pathological anatomy was organized. In St. Petersburg, M. M. Rudnev (1837-1878) was a prominent pathologist. The microscope has become almost an everyday research instrument for students of the academy - this is the merit of M. M. Rudnev. He repeatedly noted the great importance of pathological anatomy for clinical disciplines.

MM Rudnev attached great importance to the nervous system in pathological processes. Rudnev used experimental methods in his research, which he conducted in various areas of pathological anatomy. He, like Polunin, criticized Virchow's teaching: "It is not true that the whole essence of morbid disorders was attributed to a change in cellular elements, for diseases can consist in a change in both solid and liquid parts of the body."

Author: Bachilo E.V.

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