History of medicine. Zemstvo medicine (the most important)

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History of medicine. Zemstvo medicine (the most important)

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48. Zemstvo medicine

in Russia in the middle of the XNUMXth century. deep social and economic processes caused the emergence and development in the second half of the XNUMXth century. zemstvo medicine

The main links of zemstvo medicine at the end of the XNUMXth century:

1) rural district hospital;

2) county and provincial sanitary doctor (bureau);

3) district and provincial congress of zemstvo doctors. Zemstvo medicine has developed an original form of health care for the rural population: a rural medical district with free (in the richest provinces) medical care and a network of medical and sanitary institutions close to the population (zemstvo hospitals, feldsher and obstetric stations, outpatient clinics, a sanitary organization, etc.). ).

This way of organizing the health care of the rural population was the only example in history of organized medical care under capitalism for rural residents.

In addition to providing medical treatment and sanitary care to the population, progressive doctors of zemstvo medicine conducted a number of studies, gave sanitary descriptions of localities, and also studied the incidence of the population.

Zemstvo doctors examined the life of the peasants, their way of life, work. In addition to peasants, zemstvo doctors studied and described the life, way of life, working conditions of handicraftsmen, workers in factories that were located in the countryside, agricultural laborers in the southern provinces.

Zemstvo medicine also influenced the development of some clinical disciplines, such as obstetrics and surgery.

Zemstvo sanitary statistics played a major role in the development of medical science.

Numerous works by zemstvo sanitary statisticians dealt with demography, morbidity and physical development of the population, issues of the sanitary condition of individual localities, working conditions for factory and agricultural workers, handicraftsmen, etc. Studies of morbidity and infant mortality were of great importance. By the way, it was Zemstvo sanitary statistics that first began to study the incidence.

Zemstvo medicine was characterized by the features of domestic medicine - preventive, sanitary and hygienic orientation The activities of prominent zemstvo doctors characterized public health activities. In the works of many representatives of zemstvo medicine, advanced ideas of prevention were widely disseminated.

But it must be said that prevention in the understanding of zemstvo medicine differed from the concept of prevention in the Soviet sense. Zemstvo medicine had a half-hearted character. Many zemstvo doctors remained petty-bourgeois "culturalists" under the influence of populist ideology.

Author: Bachilo E.V.

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