History of medicine. "Code of Law" Sovereign's Pharmacy The heyday of traditional medicine (the most important)

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History of medicine. "Code of Law" Sovereign's Pharmacy The heyday of traditional medicine (the most important)

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19. "Sudebnik" Sovereign Pharmacy The heyday of traditional medicine

In 1550, Ivan the Terrible assembled the Zemsky Sobor in the Kremlin Palace, which received the name "Stoglavy" (according to the number of articles of laws or chapters approved by him). So, the "Stoglavy" cathedral approved "Code of Law". They decided that in Moscow, as well as in other cities, it was necessary to create schools that would teach children to read and write, and also to establish almshouses in the cities for the care of the sick, elderly and crippled, “so that they could live in purity and in repentance and in all thanksgiving.”

However, in the XVI-XVII centuries. For almost the entire population of Russia, traditional medicine remained the only means of maintaining their health. The experience of Russian folk medicine was transmitted orally, and was also preserved in numerous medical books and herbalists, reflected in legislative acts, historical and everyday stories (among which “The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom” - a story recorded in the 15th century, it tells about miraculous healing of the Murom prince Peter), chronicles. It must be said that in medical clinics a fairly large place was devoted to “cutting” (i.e., surgery). Among the “cutters” were bloodletters, chiropractors, and dentists. In addition, operations such as abdominal cuttings, cranial drillings, and amputations were performed in Rus'. Mandrake, wine, poppy were used as means to euthanize the patient. The tools were: probes, axes, saws, scissors, chisels, etc. These tools were carried through fire. Wounds were treated with wine, ash, and birch water. Wounds were sutured using hemp and flax fibers, as well as thin threads from animal intestines. In order to remove the metal fragment, they began to use magnetic iron ore. An interesting fact is that in Rus' original designs of prostheses for the lower extremities were created.

It was clear that medicine required the creation of a central organ, that is, it required, in fact, the organization of the process. Under Ivan IV, in 1581, the Pharmacy Chamber (court sovereign pharmacy). It was necessary to serve the royal family, as well as the closest boyars. The premises of the sovereign's pharmacy were furnished very luxuriously. The walls and ceilings were painted, the shelves and doors were covered with “good English” cloth, the windows had multi-colored glass. They worked in the pharmacy every day - from early morning until late evening, and when one of the members of the royal family fell ill, pharmacists worked around the clock. The presentation of medicines to the king was very strict. First, the medicine that was intended for the king was tried by the doctors who prescribed it, as well as by the pharmacists who prepared the medicine. Then the boyar tried the medicine, who subsequently gave it to the king. Having accepted a glass with the remainder of the medicine from the king, the boyar was obliged to “pour whatever was left in it into his palm and drink.”

The resettlement of foreign doctors, surgeons, and pharmacists to Moscow began in the first half of the XNUMXth century. They appeared in the royal lists of "necessary people." It should be noted that foreign doctors did not need practically anything.

Author: Bachilo E.V.

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