History of medicine. The main features of the economy and culture of Russia in the 18th century (the most important)

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History of medicine. The main features of the economy and culture of Russia in the 18th century (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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25 The main features of the economy and culture of Russia in the XVIII century

It must be said that in the XVIII century. the development of feudal society in Russia entered a new stage. This stage implied the strengthening of the Russian centralized state, the growth of commodity production, and at the same time the dominance of serfdom.

The reforms of Peter I, which were carried out directly in the interests of merchants and landowners, had a significant impact on the development of national culture and production forces. As the Russian state developed, some quantitative changes constantly accumulated, which were supposed to turn into qualitative ones. This happened precisely during the reign of Peter.

The transformation of quantitative changes into qualitative changes takes place through jumps. In fact, under Peter I, the process of the formation of a new culture, which began in the previous era, had its continuation.

Economic development of Russia in the XVIII century. was accompanied by the rise of Russian science, art, culture. There was a formation of socio-political and philosophical thought, and this formation was closely connected with the development of trade and industry in the country, as well as with the growth of Russian national culture, the emergence and further development of art, literature, and natural science.

In the XVIII century. Russia experienced a spiritual upsurge, the essence of which was as follows: the transition from a predominantly traditional, relatively closed and ecclesiastical culture to a secular and European culture with an increasingly distinct personal beginning. Enlighteners of that time: N. I. Novikov, D. I. Fonvizin, S. E. Desnitsky, D. S. Anichkov, A. N. Radishchev, etc. A state system of general education secondary school was created, higher education was born anew , vocational training and class educational institutions developed.

However, a fairly large part of the population, especially serfs, did not receive access to education. In 1725, the Academy of Sciences and All Arts was organized. 1755 - the opening of the Moscow University, 1783 - the Russian Academy was founded, studying the Russian language and literature. Members of the Academy: G. R. Derzhavin, D. I. Fonvizin, M. M. Shcherbatov, E. R. Dashkova, M. V. Lomonosov, etc.

The goal of the leading thinkers of Russia in the XVIII century. It was:

1) drawing attention to the study of natural science in order to competently use the natural resources of Russia for its progressive economic development;

2) separation of science from the church.

So, progressive Russian thinkers of the XVIII century. made a big step from "religious ideology to secular knowledge."

Let us turn to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, which was opened in 1725. Foreign scientists were invited here. Thus, the first academicians published works on various medical issues. For example:

1) G. Duvernoy и I. Veitbrecht published a number of works on anatomy;

2) Daniel Bernoulli - "Works on the movement of muscles", "Works on the optic nerve";

3) Leonhard Euler published several papers on hemodynamics.

Author: Bachilo E.V.

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