Automatic frequency and active power control (ARChM)

Free technical library

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Free library / Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electrician

Section 3. Protection and automation

Automation and telemechanics. Automatic frequency and active power control (ARChM)

Free technical library

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE)

Comments on the article

3.3.63. Automatic frequency and active power control systems (ARChM) are designed for:

frequency maintenance in power interconnections and isolated power systems in normal modes in accordance with the requirements of GOST for the quality of electrical energy;
regulation of exchange capacities of energy associations and limitation of power flows through controlled external and internal communications of energy associations and energy systems;
distribution of power (including economical power) between control objects at all levels of dispatch control (between the integrated power systems in the "UES of Russia", power systems in the Unified Energy System, power plants in power systems and units or power units within power plants).

3.3.64. ARChM systems must ensure (if the necessary adjustment range is available) at controlled power plants maintaining the average frequency deviation from the set value within ±0,1 Hz in ten-minute intervals and limiting the power flow through controlled connections with suppression by at least 70% of the amplitude of power flow fluctuations with a period of 2 minutes or more.

3.3.65. The ARCHM system should include:

devices for automatic control of frequency, exchange power and limitation of flows at the control centers of the "UES of Russia" and the UES;
devices for distributing control actions from higher-level ARCHM systems between controlled power plants and devices for limiting flows through controlled internal communications at control points of power systems;
active power control devices at power plants involved in automatic power control;
active power flow sensors and telemechanics facilities.

3.3.66. ARChM devices at control rooms should ensure the detection of deviations of the actual operating mode from the specified one, the formation and transmission of control actions for control rooms of the lower control level and for power plants involved in automatic power control.

3.3.67. Automatic power control devices for power plants should provide:

reception and transformation of control actions coming from control rooms of a higher level of control, and the formation of control actions at the control level of power plants;
formation of control actions on individual units (power units);
maintaining the power of units (power units) in accordance with the received control actions.

3.3.68. Power plant power control should be carried out with frequency droop, which varies from 3 to 6%.

3.3.69. At hydroelectric power plants, power control systems should have automatic devices that ensure the start and stop of the units, and, if necessary, also the transfer of the units to the modes of the synchronous compensator and the generator mode, depending on the conditions and mode of operation of the power plants and the power system, taking into account the existing limitations in the operation of the units.

Hydroelectric power plants, the power of which is determined by the regime of the watercourse, are recommended to be equipped with automatic power regulators for the watercourse.

3.3.70. ARCHM devices must allow quick change of settings when changing the operating modes of the control object, be equipped with signaling elements, interlocks and protections that prevent their incorrect actions in case of violation of the normal operating modes of control objects, in case of malfunctions in the devices themselves, and also exclude those actions that may interfere functioning of emergency control devices.

At thermal power plants, ARCHM devices must be equipped with elements that prevent those changes in technological parameters above the permissible limits that are caused by the action of these devices on units (power units).

3.3.71. Telemechanics means should ensure the input of information about flows through controlled intra-system and inter-system communications, the transfer of control actions and signals from the ARCM devices to control objects, as well as the transfer of the necessary information to a higher level of control.

The total value (delay) of signals in telemechanics and ARCM devices should not exceed 5 s.

See other articles Section Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE).

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

A New Way to Control and Manipulate Optical Signals 05.05.2024

The modern world of science and technology is developing rapidly, and every day new methods and technologies appear that open up new prospects for us in various fields. One such innovation is the development by German scientists of a new way to control optical signals, which could lead to significant progress in the field of photonics. Recent research has allowed German scientists to create a tunable waveplate inside a fused silica waveguide. This method, based on the use of a liquid crystal layer, allows one to effectively change the polarization of light passing through a waveguide. This technological breakthrough opens up new prospects for the development of compact and efficient photonic devices capable of processing large volumes of data. The electro-optical control of polarization provided by the new method could provide the basis for a new class of integrated photonic devices. This opens up great opportunities for ... >>

Primium Seneca keyboard 05.05.2024

Keyboards are an integral part of our daily computer work. However, one of the main problems that users face is noise, especially in the case of premium models. But with the new Seneca keyboard from Norbauer & Co, that may change. Seneca is not just a keyboard, it is the result of five years of development work to create the ideal device. Every aspect of this keyboard, from acoustic properties to mechanical characteristics, has been carefully considered and balanced. One of the key features of Seneca is its silent stabilizers, which solve the noise problem common to many keyboards. In addition, the keyboard supports various key widths, making it convenient for any user. Although Seneca is not yet available for purchase, it is scheduled for release in late summer. Norbauer & Co's Seneca represents new standards in keyboard design. Her ... >>

The world's tallest astronomical observatory opened 04.05.2024

Exploring space and its mysteries is a task that attracts the attention of astronomers from all over the world. In the fresh air of the high mountains, far from city light pollution, the stars and planets reveal their secrets with greater clarity. A new page is opening in the history of astronomy with the opening of the world's highest astronomical observatory - the Atacama Observatory of the University of Tokyo. The Atacama Observatory, located at an altitude of 5640 meters above sea level, opens up new opportunities for astronomers in the study of space. This site has become the highest location for a ground-based telescope, providing researchers with a unique tool for studying infrared waves in the Universe. Although the high altitude location provides clearer skies and less interference from the atmosphere, building an observatory on a high mountain poses enormous difficulties and challenges. However, despite the difficulties, the new observatory opens up broad research prospects for astronomers. ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Metal brittleness problem overcome 07.12.2012

Scientists from McGill University and the Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne in Switzerland have studied the brittleness of metals and found out how hydrogen affects this crucial property of metals.

Hydrogen, as the lightest element, easily dissolves and migrates inside metals, making them more brittle and prone to breakage. This phenomenon was discovered in 1875, and since then hydrogen embrittlement (the transition of a material from a ductile to brittle state) has been a constant problem in structural design in industries ranging from hand tools to aircraft and nuclear reactors. Despite decades of research, scientists still don't fully understand the physics behind hydrogen embrittlement. Because of this, it is difficult to create a reliable model that predicts the behavior of a structure in certain conditions or after many years. As a result, industrial designers are forced to resort to costly and dangerous trial and error.

For the first time, a group of scientists have been able to carefully study the behavior of hydrogen in a metal at the nanoscale. Thanks to this, it was possible to create a new model that for the first time is able to accurately predict the appearance of "hydrogen" embrittlement. The new model has already been successfully applied to predict the behavior of ferritic steel and is in full agreement with the results of experiments with real samples. Thus, metallurgists have received a valuable tool for the development of the next generation of strong and durable structural materials.

Under normal conditions, metals can undergo significant plastic deformation when subjected to a force. This plasticity is associated with the presence of nano- and microcracks, which create places for the movement of atoms (dislocations) and relieve stress in the metal.

Dislocations can be considered as "vehicles", and nano- and microcracks - as "transport units" of plastic deformation. Thus useful properties such as ductility and toughness are based on the performance of these structural features of metals. Unfortunately, these nano- and microcracks also attract hydrogen atoms, which create a kind of "plug" and block the movement of atoms. Ultimately, this leads to the destruction of the material - the metal does not bend, but breaks.

Other interesting news:

▪ Transcend CFexpress 820 Type B Memory Cards

▪ Schizophrenia-causing cells identified

▪ Protect the snows of Kilimanjaro

▪ artificial sun

▪ Bimetallic wires reduce current strength

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Spectacular tricks and their clues. Article selection

▪ article Provision of work to eliminate the consequences of emergencies. Basics of safe life

▪ article How do we get energy from coal? Detailed answer

▪ Ivan-chai article. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Car laptop power supply on the timer KR1006VI1. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Bambara proverbs and sayings. Large selection

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews