History of medicine. Development of medicine in the 15th century (most important)

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History of medicine. Development of medicine in the 15th century (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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18. The development of medicine in the XV century

Monastery hospitals and their role

The fact is that the Mongol-Tatar yoke, under which Russia was for a long time, slowed down the development of Great Russia, the Kievan state, which, by the way, was considered one of the most civilized and largest. Therefore, after the victory over the Mongol-Tatar yoke, in 1480, medicine did not undergo significant changes. In Europe, during this period, universities opened, the number of doctors increased, even despite the fact that scholasticism dominated, there were persecutions of genuine science by the church. In Moscow, which united the principalities around itself in order to create a centralized powerful state, medicine still remained popular. Education took place according to the type of family apprenticeship. It should be noted that the national culture and, along with it, medicine were primarily of a civil nature, they were not subjected to oppression, the power of the church. For example, Copernicus, Jan Hus, J. Bruno, Servest and others were burned in Europe. Although in Russia they also persecuted sorcerers, witches, and so on and burned them, however, this is in no way comparable with the so-called witch hunt in Europe (I must say that thousands of people died at church fires).

During the period under review, two main areas of medicine developed:

1) folk;

2) monastery.

And also, besides this, the first healers appeared in the troops.

Monastery hospitals were built at the monasteries. So, in 1635, two-story hospital wards were built at the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (it must be said that these wards have survived to this day). The hospital wards that were built at Kirillo-Belozersky, Novodevichy and other monasteries have survived to this day. It should be noted that the monasteries in the Muscovite state had a very important defensive value.

The fact is that during enemy invasions, temporary military hospitals were set up on the basis of hospital wards at monasteries, in which they treated the wounded. It must be said that the treatment and maintenance of patients in temporary hospitals was carried out at the expense of the state, although it was not under the jurisdiction of the Pharmaceutical Order. This is one of the distinguishing features of Russian medicine in the XNUMXth century.

Let's turn our attention to civilian hospitals. As mentioned above, the boyar Fyodor Mikhailovich Rtishchev organized almshouses in his homes in Moscow, which can be considered the first properly arranged civilian hospitals in Russia. Note that medicines were issued for these hospitals from the Sovereign Pharmacy. In 1682, a decree was issued on the opening in Moscow of two "spitals" (i.e., hospitals) that served the civilian population. In addition to treating the sick, these institutions also taught medicine. In the same 1682, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was established in Moscow. As for military hospitals, the first of them was opened in 1656 in the city of Smolensk.

Author: Bachilo E.V.

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