History of medicine. I. I. Mechnikov and his teaching (the most important)

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History of medicine. I. I. Mechnikov and his teaching (the most important)

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42. I. I. Mechnikov and his teaching

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) played one of the main roles in the development of both domestic and world microbiology, immunology and epidemiology.

I. I. Mechnikov was an outstanding scientist in various fields of knowledge: zoology, embryology, pathology, immunology, etc. He was one of the founders of modern microbiology, as well as the founder of comparative evolutionary pathology.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov graduated from the natural department of Kharkov University in 1864, after which he continued his studies and specialization in Germany and Italy in the field of embryology. In 1868 he defended his doctoral dissertation at St. Petersburg University.

After that, he received an associate professorship at Novorossiysk and then at St. Petersburg Universities. From 1870 to 1882 was a professor at the Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at the Novorossiysk University.

In 1886, I. I. Mechnikov participated in the organization of the Pasteur anti-rabies station - this was the first station in Russia.

In Paris, he headed one of the laboratories of the institute, is Pasteur's deputy, and after his death - the director of the institute. Subsequently, I. I. Mechnikov was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

The activities of I. I. Mechnikov can be divided into two periods. The first period includes the time from 1862 to 1882. At this time, Mechnikov was a zoologist and primarily an embryologist. It was he who showed the presence of germ layers - the laws of development of the animal organism common to animals. Mechnikov established a genetic link between the development of invertebrates and cavitary animals. The basis for the evolutionary doctrine was the data of embryology, which were discovered by Mechnikov.

The second period is, as it were, a logical continuation of the first and is based on it. The fact is that the ideas about intracellular digestion were leading in the works of Mechnikov on the problems of pathology in the second period.

In 1883, Mechnikov's speech "On the Healing Powers of the Organism" put forward a number of provisions on the active role of the organism in the infectious process, as well as on the relationship between the macroorganism and the microorganism. Subsequently, I. I. Mechnikov widely developed the doctrine of phagocytosis, confirmed it by numerous studies on a variety of materials.

Mechnikov repeatedly met opponents on his scientific path. For example, his phagocytic theory has been criticized by some microbiologists and pathologists.

He persistently and passionately defended his innocence for about 25 years, repeatedly proving the inconsistency of the arguments of his opponents. After many years of opposition, the theory of I. I. Mechnikov became widespread and universally recognized, and I. I. Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908.

In addition to all this, I. I. Mechnikov conducted a large number of studies on particular issues of medicine. For example, he studied cholera, relapsing and typhoid fever, syphilis, childhood intestinal diseases, and tuberculosis.

Author: Bachilo E.V.

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