History of medicine. Hygiene development in Russia (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of medicine. Hygiene development in Russia (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

43. Development of hygiene in Russia

Hygiene received its development in Russia almost simultaneously with its development in Germany. Together with Germany, Russia was one of the first countries in which independent departments of hygiene were created. The creation of these departments was provided for by the university charter of 1863. In 1865, the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, as well as the medical faculties of Kazan and Kyiv universities, decided to create departments of hygiene at these universities. In 1871, teaching began at these departments in Kyiv and St. Petersburg. The creation of hygiene departments at universities significantly influenced the further development of hygiene as a science in Russia. The following conditions also contributed to this: the rapid development of industry (especially in the 90s of the XIX - early XX centuries), the increase in population, mainly in cities, various achievements in the field of natural science. The latter made it possible to accurately determine any hygienic expressions, and also made it possible to study the natural sciences by various qualitative and quantitative methods.

The question of improving public life in terms of hygiene and preventing various kinds of contagious diseases was constantly raised. Special features of the development of hygiene in Russia in the second half of the XIX century. social movements, the defeat in the Crimean War, the growth of the revolutionary upsurge (especially after the defeat in the Crimean War), and the difficult sanitary conditions of the Russian peasantry. Hygiene issues at that time were given great importance, even by the leading representatives of the Russian intelligentsia, who had no contact with medical science (for example, D. I. Pisarev).

Russian hygienists were closely connected in their work with chemists, physiologists, and other representatives of the natural sciences. Some of the hygienists worked closely even with various attending clinicians, as well as with practical sanitary workers in the field, in cities, and zemstvos. In 1882 V. V. Svetlovsky wrote that “... hygiene as a science must stop preoccupying itself with depicting some ideal, normal life, which does not exist for anyone anywhere, but must devote itself to the study of those sanitary conditions of life that exist in reality. Sanitary issues, such as known to be closely related to economic issues or, generally speaking, to issues of social science.”

A new understanding of hygiene as a science, which was different from the Western European understanding, was created by the largest hygienists of the second half of the XNUMXth century: F. F. Erisman и A. P. Dobroslavin. At the same time, domestic hygiene was of a public nature.

Author: Bachilo E.V.

<< Back: I. I. Mechnikov and his teaching

>> Forward: F. F. Erisman - the largest hygienist

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ General and clinical immunology. Lecture notes

▪ Advocacy and notaries. Crib

▪ History of political and legal doctrines. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Tests of the prototype Martian drilling rig 10.01.2019

Researchers and engineers from the University of Glasgow (Scotland) delivered a modified version of the prototype Martian drilling rig to Antarctica. The experiment in Antarctica is aimed at obtaining soil samples from a depth of 1,6 km, which will allow us to better study the climatic changes that have occurred on Earth over several million years.

According to the report, the work is carried out jointly with the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) team, which is based at the Skytrain Ice Rise station, and on January 10, using its drilling rig, drilled a hole to a depth of 651 meters. Next, they are going to put into action the high-tech Scots P-RAID installation, designed to work in conditions of reduced gravity of Mars, complicating the task of creating enough force to break through hard surface soil. Especially to solve this problem, engineers from Glasgow created a machine that works on a slightly different principle.

Instead of just rotating the drill, the rig pierces and drills the soil at the same time, while its actions are controlled by an artificial intelligence control system. According to the developers, this allowed the designers to reduce the weight of the installation, while increasing the torque, and also to make the system autonomous, which will be useful when working on Mars.

However, the compact size and the ability to work autonomously interested the BAS team, which had previously been looking for ways to drill into the Antarctic rock at the bottom of an ice hole. While scientists have their own portable rig to work with relatively soft ice, however, the need to go lower, drilling through harder layers of rock created real logistical difficulties for a team working in a very remote area from civilization.

At the same time, the developers of the drilling apparatus said that in order to work in Martian conditions, the drill will also use ultrasound, which is not required in terrestrial drilling conditions. On Earth, the percussion mechanism of the installation will move along a circular inclined plane and break through the ground with each rotation of the drill.

While the BAS team works on the chemical analysis of ice samples taken from various depths during the first drilling, the Glasgow team will continue to dig deeper into the Antarctic ice. The researchers plan to measure the ratio of beryllium-10 radioactive isotopes at various depths to determine when and how the structure of ice and soil in the area changed under the influence of a reaction between cosmic radiation particles, nitrogen and oxygen atoms.

By finding out the ratio of isotopes in the rock, scientists will be able to understand when the soil was last not covered with ice and was directly exposed to the atmosphere.

Other interesting news:

▪ New 103/4/5 RF Field Level Meter

▪ Jupiter's aurora warms the planet's atmosphere

▪ Childhood addiction to social media leads to overeating

▪ Werewolf Robot Goes to Titan

▪ Self-driving seats from Nissan

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Life of remarkable physicists. Article selection

▪ article Gnawing the granite of science. Popular expression

▪ Article How do we sing? Detailed answer

▪ article Cleaning pipes from rust and scale. home workshop

▪ article Measurement of the output power of audio frequency amplifiers. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article On the supply of radio receivers with free energy. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews