History of medicine. Significant events in the ancient Russian state (the most important)

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History of medicine. Significant events in the ancient Russian state (the most important)

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12. Significant events in the ancient Russian state

Since then, three monarchs of the highest rank have been officially approved in Europe - the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the Caesar of Byzantium and the Grand Duke of Kyiv. This facilitated the exchange of political and cultural information between countries, and also gave rise to such a phenomenon as Russian medieval culture.

Ancient manuscripts passed through Russia, which were translated by monks. Their works, written on parchment, have survived to this day.

The most important event of that time was the organization in the St. Sophia Cathedral, built in honor of the victory over the Pechenegs, the first library (1037). It was organized by Yaroslav the Wise, who was generally very interested in the spread of writing and culture in the Russian land. Later, his granddaughter Yanka Vsevolodovna organized the first women's school at the Andreevsky Monastery (1086). Judging by the archaeological excavations, literacy in Russia was very widespread, since the birch bark letters found during the excavations were written not only by princes, but also by simple artisans.

Having received a high development, the Old Russian state existed until 1132, when, after the death of Mstislav Vladimirovich, it began to disintegrate into feudal possessions, which marked the beginning of a period of feudal fragmentation. This had no positive significance at that time, since Russia lost its political independence and was subjected to the Mongol invasion - the Tatar Khan Batu (1208-1255).

However, in Russia, over time, the following prerequisites for unification took shape.

1. Political:

1) the general desire for liberation from the Horde yoke;

2) the unity of Russia in culture, religion, language.

2. Economic:

1) urban development;

2) settlement and land development in the northeast;

3) the expansion of feudal estates and the growth of the feudally dependent population;

4) transition to three-field and increase in productivity;

5) rise in trade.

The most important dates of the period under review

882 BC - Prince Oleg's campaign against Kyiv. After he killed Askold, he began to reign in Kyiv until 912.

988 BC - adoption of Christianity in Russia.

1072 BC - the creation of a code of laws - "Russian Truth". It was created by the sons of Yaroslav the Wise.

Early XNUMXth century - Creation of "The Tale of Bygone Years".

1223 BC - Battle of Kalka. The Mongol-Tatars defeated the Russian army.

1237-1240 - Batu Khan's invasion of Russia. The beginning of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

1240 BC - Neva battle.

April 5, 1242 - Battle on the Ice, where Alexander Nevsky defeated the German knights.

September 8, 1380 - Battle of Kulikovo. Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy defeated the army of the Mongol-Tatar Khan Mamai.

1382 BC - attack of the Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh on Moscow, destruction of Moscow.

Author: Bachilo E.V.

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