History of medicine. Development of medicine at the beginning of the 18th century (most important)

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History of medicine. Development of medicine at the beginning of the 18th century (most important)

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26. The development of medicine at the beginning of the XVIII century

To begin with, it should be noted that by the XVIII century. Russia stepped over the so-called period of backwardness, which was caused by the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Serfdom, which fettered a significant part of the country's population, was an obstacle to the development of the country, the Russian economy, science, and industry. However, if we consider certain areas, Russia was on the same level with civilized countries and even began to overtake them. Only in the 1755th century, namely in 1748, the first university was opened in Russia. This was done largely thanks to the Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov, as well as the person supporting him, I.I. Shuvalov. In XNUMX, M.V. The university must necessarily have three faculties: law, medicine and philosophy (theological is left to synodal schools). In the XVIII century. and in the first third of the XNUMXth century. researchers such as S. N. Zatravkin и A. M. Stochik, published two monographs concerning the medical faculty of Moscow University. It was generally accepted that the medical faculty was opened in 1764. But Stochik and Zatravkin presented documents stating that the faculty began to function on August 13, 1758. Then Professor I. H. Kerstens from the University of Leipzig was invited to the university. Kerstens began teaching classes, giving lectures, and was even appointed “doyen” (i.e., dean) of the medical faculty. Here is an excerpt from the documents of the Russian State Archive: “Imperial Moscow University has received news: the Faculty of Medicine is equipped with a doctor called from the glorious Leipzig University with great medicine and great philosophy Johann Christian Kerstens Professor of Chemistry, Pharmacology and Mineralogy, who, as a result of this, by virtue of university institutions in medical science, has been entrusted and will perform in that entrusted position of entry, after the end of the present vacation days of this August, the thirteenth day at ten o'clock after midnight, and will make a speech in Latin, in which it will be proved that chemistry is the first and best means for the improvement of medical science.

From the very beginning, the faculty provided general education not only for future doctors, but later among its students began to appear those who devoted their whole lives to medicine. Over time, in addition to Kerstens, professors began to work at the Faculty of Medicine Erasmus, prosector (vice-rector) Keresturi, as well as domestic professors who returned from abroad - P. D. Veniaminov, S. Ya Zybelin. Since 1768, lectures began to be given in Russian. Thus, a base for training medical specialists began to form in Russia. The medical university provided high-quality general education to future doctors, however, it did not provide them with practical training. Future doctors acquired practical skills in hospital schools. Here, training took place directly at the bedside of patients, in hospitals.

Author: Bachilo E.V.

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