Pulse voltmeter. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Measuring technology
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The pulse voltmeter allows you to measure the amplitude of pulses with a large duty cycle.
The main parameters:
- The polarity of the measured pulses ....... any
- The duration of the measured pulses, µs.......0,2...10 000
- The repetition rate of the measured pulses, Hz.......10...100 000
- Maximum amplitude of the measured pulses, V.......10
- Measurement error, %......5
The voltmeter (Fig. VII.8) consists of two peak detectors - for pulses of positive and negative polarity and an electronic voltmeter on transistors V1, V2, V16.
The device is powered by the mains. The variable resistor R8 serves to set the zero of the voltmeter by balancing the bridge, the diagonal of which includes a microammeter with a total deflection current of 100 μA. Zener diode V11 serves to protect the field effect transistor from overloads.
To control the performance of the voltmeter, a blocking oscillator based on the V15 transistor with a stabilized amplitude of the generated oscillations is used, which is provided by the stabilization of the supply voltage, as well as the inclusion of the V1 zener diode in the secondary winding of the transformer T14. The duration of the generated pulses is 2 .... 0,3 μs, their repetition rate is 0,6 Hz. The control generator is connected to the voltmeter by pressing the S100 button.
The device uses resistors MLT-0,125, capacitors KM, KBO-6, push-button switches MT. Power transformer - output vertical scan TVK-110. In the blocking generator, you can use the MIT-1 transformer. The self-made transformer T2 has a ring core made of 50VCh2 ferrite (size K5 x 3 x 1). Each of its windings contains 50 turns of PEV-2 wire with a diameter of 0,1 mm.
Setting up a pulse voltmeter comes down to checking the operation of the blocking generator and calibrating the scale of the device using an exemplary pulse generator (for example, G5-15). When pulses with maximum amplitude are applied to the input of the device, the arrow of the device should be set to the last division of the scale. If this does not happen, select the resistor R5.
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The first people who came to America from Asia may have been the descendants of one of the ancient peoples of Japan.
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Modern Japanese still retain some of the features of the people of the Jomon era. The same traits are seen in the American Indians of the Sioux, Blackfoot, and Cherokee tribes. testify that the ancient Japanese were skilled shipbuilders and probably sailed south along the western coast of America, founding settlements in the most fertile places.
This means that man knew how to build ships at the time of hunting and gathering, in the Neolithic, long before the dawn of agriculture. Proof of this is the ancient remains of birch bark canoes discovered in Japan, very similar to boats, which were later used by the natives of America.
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