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6. Reading vowels (and consonant j)
In Latin, "E e" is read as [e]: vertebra [ve'rtebra] - vertebra, medianus [media'nus] - median.
Unlike Russians, no Latin consonants soften before the sound [e]: anterior [ante'rior] - front, arteria [arte'ria] - artery.
"I i" reads like [and]: inferior [infe'rior] - lower, internus [inte'rnus] - internal.
At the beginning of a word or syllable, before vowels, i is read as a voiced consonant [th]: iugularis [yugula'ris] - jugular, iunctura [yunktu'ra] - connection, maior [ma'yor] - big, iuga [yu'ga] - elevation.
In these positions, in modern medical terminology, instead of i, the letter J j is used - yot: jugularis [yugula'ris], juncture [yunktu'ra], major [ma'yor], juga [yu'ga].
The letter j is not written only in words borrowed from the Greek language, since there was no sound [th] in it: iatria [ia'triya] - healing, iodum [io'dum] - iodine.
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To convey the sounds [ya], [yo], [ye], [yu], combinations of letters ja, jo, je, ju are used.
Y y (upsilon), in French "y", reads like [and]: tympanum [ti'mpanum] - drum; gyrus [gi'rus] - convolution of the brain. The letter "upsilon" is used only in words of Greek origin. It was introduced by the Romans to convey the letter of the Greek alphabet upsilon, which was read as German [and]. If the Greek word was written through i (Greek iota), read as [and], then it was transcribed into Latin through i.
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In order to correctly write medical terms, you need to know some of the most common Greek prefixes and roots in which "upsilon" is written:
dys- [dis-] - a prefix that gives the term the meaning of a violation, a disorder of function: dysostosis (dys + osteon - "bone") - dysostosis - a disorder of bone formation;
hypo- [hypo-] - "under", "below": hypoderma (hypo + + derma - "skin") - hypodermis - subcutaneous tissue, hypogastrium (hypo- + gaster - "stomach", "stomach") - hypogastrium - hypogastrium;
hyper- [hyper-] - "above", "over": hyperostosis (hyper + + osteon - "bone") - hyperostosis - pathological growth of unchanged bone tissue;
syn-, sym- [syn-, sim-] - "with", "together", "together": synostosis (syn + osteon - "bone") - synostosis - connection of bones through bone tissue;
mu (o) - [myo-] - the root of the word, indicating the relationship to the muscles: myologia (myo + logos - "word", "teaching") - myology - the doctrine of muscles;
phys- [phys-] - the root of the word, indicating in anatomical terms the relation to something growing in a certain place: diaphysis - diaphysis (in osteology) - the middle part of the tubular bone.
Author: Shtun A.I.
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