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24. Formal language types of clinical terms
Formal language types of clinical terms are different.
1. Unmotivated simple words:
1) simple root words of Latin or ancient Greek origin: for example, stupor - stupor (numbness), tremor - tremor (trembling), thrombus - blood clot (blood clot), aphthae - aphthae (rashes);
2) simple derivatives (in the source language) - prefix and affix: for example, insultus (lat. insulto - "to attack") - stroke, infarctus (lat. infarcio - "stuff, stuff") - heart attack, aneurysma (Greek aneuryno - "expand") - aneurysm.
The above simple root and simple derivative words and many other clinical terms similar to them turn out to be indivisible within the framework of modern terminology and, therefore, unmotivated. Most often they are not translated, but borrowed, transcribed by means of national languages (Russian, English, etc.) and are internationalisms.
2. Terms-phrases. Nominal phrases occupy a significant place in clinical terminology. For their education, no special knowledge is required, except for grammatical. In each phrase, the core word is the word being defined - the noun in it. p. units or many h. Usually this is a generic term, that is, the name of a higher, more general concept in the classification.
Defining words are most often represented by adjectives. Their role is to clarify in a certain respect the generic (general) concept: for example, pneumonia adenoviralis - adenovirus pneumonia, p. apicalis - apical pneumonia, p. haefflorrhagica - hemorrhagic pneumonia, etc.
The most common meaning of defining words is the localization of the lesion: abscessus appendicis, ab. femoris, ab. parietis arteriae, ab. mesenterii, ab. poliicis, ab. bronchi, ab. peritonealis; ulcus pharyngis, etc.
Some phrases-internationalisms are included in the text in national languages traditionally in Latin grammatical form and transcription, for example, genu valgum (curved knee inside).
3. Fully segmentable motivated terms-words. Among the formal linguistic types of clinical terms, they are of the greatest interest in teaching the basics of medical terminology. Greek or, more rarely, Latin term elements with anatomical meaning act as the first motivating stems in compound words. The final components carry the main semantic load, perform (like suffixes) a classifying function.
Some of them correlate this concept with a certain group, a class of pathological phenomena (signs, conditions, diseases, processes), others with surgical operations or diagnostic techniques, etc. For example, terms with the initial term cardio- (Greek kardia - "heart"): cardiosclerosis, cardioneurosis, cardiomegalia, cardiolysis, cardiotomia, cardiographia, cardiotachometria, cardiovolumometria.
Author: Shtun A.I.
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