7. Diphthongs and features of reading consonants

In addition to simple vowels [a], [e], [i], [o], [i], in Latin there were also two-vowel sounds (diphthongs) ae, oe, ai, her.

Digraph ae reads like [e]: vertebrae [ve'rtebre] - vertebrae, peritonaeum [peritone'um] - peritoneum.

Digraph oe reads like [e], more precisely, like German o or French oe: foetor [fetor] - a bad smell.

In most cases, the diphthongs ae and oe, found in medical terms, served to render in Latin the Greek diphthongs ai and oi. For example: oedema [ede'ma] - edema, oesophagus [eso'fagus] - esophagus.

If in combinations ae and oe the vowels belong to different syllables, that is, they do not constitute a diphthong, then a separation sign (``) is placed above the "e" and each vowel is pronounced separately: diploe [diploe] - diploe - spongy substance of the flat bones of the skull ; aёr [air] - air.

The diphthong au reads like [ay]: auris [au'ris] - ear. The diphthong eu reads like [eu]: ple'ura [ple'ura] - pleura, neurocranium [neurocranium] - brain skull.

Features of reading consonants

A double reading of the letter "C with" is accepted: as [k] or [c].

How [k] is read before the vowels a, o, and, before all consonants and at the end of the word: caput [ka'put] - head, head of bones and internal organs, cubitus [ku'bitus] - elbow, clavicula [klyavi'kulya ] - clavicle, crista [kri'sta] - crest.

How [ts] is read before the vowels e, i, y and the digraphs ae, oe: cervicalis [cervika'lis] - cervical, incisure [incizu'ra] - tenderloin, coccyngeus [koktsinge'us] - coccygeal, coelia [tse'lia ] - abdomen.

"Н h" is read as Ukrainian sound [g] or German [h] (haben): homo [homo] - man, hnia'tus [gna'tus] - gap, cleft, humerus [gume'rus] - humerus.

"To k" is very rare, almost exclusively in words of non-Latin origin, in cases where you need to keep the sound [k] before the sounds [e] or [and]: kyphosis [kypho'zis] - kyphosis, kinetocytus [kine'to -citus] - kinetocyte - mobile cell (words of Greek origin).

"L l" is always read softly, as in French and German: labium [la'bium] - lip, lumbalis [lumba'lis] - lumbar, pelvinus [pel-vi'nus] - pelvic.

"S s" has a double reading - [s] or [s]. How [s] is read in most cases: sulcus [su'lkus] - furrow, os sacrum [os sa'krum] - sacrum, sacral bone; dorsum [do'rsum] - back, back, rear. How [h] is read in a position between vowels: incisura [incizu'ra] - tenderloin, vesica [vezi'ka] - bubble. Double s reads like [s]: fossa [fo'csa] - pit, ossa [o'ssa] - bones, processus [proce'ssus] - process. In the position between vowels and consonants m, n in words of Greek origin, s is read as [h]: chiasma [chia'zma] - cross, platysma [plyati'zma] - subcutaneous muscle of the neck.

"X x" is called a double consonant, since it represents the sound combination [ks]: radix [ra'dix] is the root, extremitas [ekstre'mitas] is the end.

"Z z" is found in words of Greek origin and reads like [h]: zygomaticus [zygoma'ticus] - zygomatic, trapezius [trapezius] - trapezoidal.

Author: Shtun A.I.

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