18. Morpheme analysis

In a linear sequence, the word contains minimal parts that are indivisible neither in form nor in meaning: prefix (prefix), root, suffix and ending (inflection). All these minimal meaningful parts of a word are called morphemes (Greek morphe - form). The core of the meaning lies in the root, for example: sweat, sweat, sweat, sweat, etc. The prefix and suffix, distinguished by their position to the root, are called together word-building affixes (Latin affixus - "attached").

By attaching them to the root, derivatives - new - words are formed. The ending - an affix with a grammatical meaning does not serve for word formation, but for inflection (by cases, numbers, genders). The division of a word into morphemes is called analysis by composition, or morphemic analysis.

The entire unchanging part of the word preceding the ending, which carries the main lexical meaning, is called the basis of the word. In the words vertebr-a, vertebral-is, intervertebral-is, the stems are, respectively, vertebr-, vertebral-, intervertebral-.

The stem can in some cases be represented only by the root, in some others - by the root and word-building affixes, that is, the root, suffix and prefix.

Morpheme analysis shows what minimal meaningful parts (morphemes) the studied word consists of, but does not answer the question of what is the actual mechanism of word formation. This mechanism is revealed with the help of word-formation analysis. The meaning of the analysis is to isolate two direct components in the word: that single segment (generating stem) and that (those) affix(es), due to the combination of which the derivative word is formed.

The difference between derivational and morphemic analyzes can be shown by the following example.

The adjective interlobularis (interlobular) from the standpoint of morphemic analysis consists of five morphemes: inter- (prefix), -lob- (root), -ul-, -ar- (suffixes), -is (end); from the standpoint of word-formation analysis, two direct components are singled out: inter- - between (prefix) + -lobular (is) - lobular (producing stem, or word).

The real formation mechanism: inter- (prefix) + -lobular(is) (generating stem, not divisible in this case into morphemes).

Therefore, the derivative is the one from which another derivative stem, more complex in composition, is formed by attaching affix(s) to it.

The derivative stem is larger than the derivative stem by at least one morpheme.

A word containing a derived stem is called a derivative, and a word that contains a derivative is called a generating one. Thus, a derived word always includes a deriving stem and affix(es). A word with a non-derivative stem (root) is non-derivative.

Author: Shtun A.I.

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