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29. Prefix
Prefixation, i.e., attaching a prefix morpheme (prefix) to the root, does not change its meaning, but only adds to this value some component indicating localization (above, below, front, back), direction (approach, distance), flow in time (before something, after something), the absence or denial of something.
Prefixes developed mainly from prepositions, so their direct meanings coincide with the meanings of the corresponding prepositions.
Some prefixes based on direct meanings have developed secondary, figurative ones. So, the Greek preposition-prefix para- (“near, near”) developed a figurative meaning “retreat, deviation from something, inconsistency of external manifestations of the essence of this phenomenon”: for example, para-nasalis - paranasal, but para-mnesia (Greek mnesis - "memory") - paramnesia - the general name for distortions of memories and deceptions of memory.
In descriptive names used in morphological disciplines, prefix term elements have a direct meaning. In terms expressing the concepts of pathological conditions, diseases, impaired organ functions, and the like, prefix term elements are often used with secondary meanings. In various subsystems of medical terminology and in biology, Greek and Latin prefixes are extremely widely used.
As a rule, Latin prefixes are attached to Latin roots, Greek - to Greek roots. However, there are exceptions, the so-called hybrids, for example, in the words epi-fascialis - suprafascial, endo-cervicalis - intra-cervical prefixes are Greek, and the producing bases are Latin. When prefixing, the whole word acts as a generating basis: intra-articularis - intra-articular.
Antonymic prefixes. An important role in the functioning of medical terms is played by antonymous prefixes, i.e. those whose meanings are opposite: for example, lat. intra- - "inside" and extra- - "outside", "outside", etc.
Latin-Greek doublet prefixes. The meanings of a number of Latin prefixes coincide with the meanings of certain Greek prefixes or are very close to them:
lat. media- - Greek. meso- "in the middle", "between".
When prefixes are attached to the stems, changes in the prefix may occur under the influence of the initial sound of the stem.
This is mainly manifested in assimilation (lat. assimilalio - "similarity", "similarity"): the final consonant in the prefix is fully or partially likened to the initial sound of the producing stem. Some Latin prefixes may have elision, that is, the loss of a final consonant. In the Greek prefixes ana-, dia-, cafa-, meta-, para-, and-, epi-, apo-, hypo-, meso-, elision is manifested in the disappearance of the final vowel before the initial vowel of the stem. This eliminates the possible gaping (vowel with vowel).
Author: Shtun A.I.
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