Латинский язык для медиков. История латинского языка (самое важное)

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Латинский язык для медиков. История латинского языка (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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1. History of the Latin language

Latin belongs to the group of Italian dead languages. The formation of the literary Latin language took place in the II-I centuries. BC e., and it reached its greatest perfection in the XNUMXst century. BC e., during the period of the so-called classical, or "golden", Latin. He was distinguished by the richest vocabulary, the ability to convey complex abstract concepts, scientific-philosophical, political, legal, economic and technical terminology.

This period is followed by post-classical, or "silver", Latin (I-II centuries AD), when the norms of phonetics and morphology were finally consolidated, the rules of spelling were determined. The last period of the existence of Latin of ancient times was the so-called late Latin (III-VI centuries AD), when the gap between written, bookish, Latin and folk colloquial began to intensify.

In the countries of the Western Mediterranean by the end of the II century. BC e. Latin won the position of the official state language.

Starting from 43 AD. e. and until 407, the Celts (British) who inhabited Britain were also under the rule of Rome.

If in the west of Europe the Latin language in its colloquial form spread, almost without encountering the resistance of tribal languages, then in the depths of the Mediterranean basin (Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt) it encountered languages that had a longer written history and had a level of culture much higher than Latin language of the Roman conquerors. Even before the arrival of the Romans, the Greek language became widespread in these regions, and with it the Greek, or Hellenic, culture.

From the very first cultural contacts between the Romans and the Greeks and throughout the history of ancient Rome, the latter experienced in the economic, state, social and spiritual areas of life the ever-increasing influence of the highly developed Greek culture.

Educated Romans tended to read and converse in Greek. Borrowed Greek words were included in colloquial and literary Latin, especially actively after being under the rule of Rome in the II-I centuries. BC e. Greece and Hellenistic countries were included. From the XNUMXnd century BC e. Rome began to assimilate the vocabulary of Greek science, philosophy and medicine, partially borrowing along with new concepts and terms denoting them, slightly Latinizing them.

At the same time, another process was also developing more actively - the formation of Latin words of scientific content, that is, terms.

When comparing the two classical languages, their significant differences are visible.

The Latin language was noticeably inferior in its word-forming potential to the Greek, which had a remarkable ability to clothe in linguistic forms newly discovered, described phenomena, facts, ideas of biological and medical content, to easily create more and more new names almost transparent in meaning through various methods of word formation, especially by bases and suffixes.

Author: Shtun A.I.

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