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8. Letter combinations. Accents. brevity rule
In Latin, the letter "Q q" occurs only in combination with u before vowels, and this combination is read as [kv]: squama [squa'me] - scales, quadratus [quadra'tus] - square.
The letter combination ngu is read in two ways: before vowels as [ngv], before consonants - [ngu]: lingua [li'ngva] - language, lingula [li'ngulya] - tongue, sanguis [sa'ngvis] - blood, angulus [angu' lux] - angle.
The combination of ti before vowels reads like [qi]: rotatio [rota'tsio] - rotation, articulatio [articulatio'tsio] - joint, eminentia [emine'ntsia] - elevation.
However, ti before vowels in the combinations sti, xti, tti is read as [ti]: ostium [o'stium] - hole, entrance, mouth, mixtio [mi'kstio] - mixture.
In words of Greek origin, there are digraphs ch, ph, rh, th, which are graphic signs for conveying the corresponding sounds of the Greek language. Each digraph is read as one sound:
ch = [x]; ph = [f]; rh = [p]; th = [t]: nucha [nu'ha] - neck, chorda [chord] - chord, string, phalanx [fa'lanks] - phalanx; apophysis [apophysis] - apophysis, process; thorax [to'rax] - chest notch, rhaphe [ra'fe] - seam.
The letter combination sch reads like [cx]: os ischii [os i'shii] - ischium, ischiadicus [ischia'dicus] - ischium.
Stress rules.
1. The stress is never placed on the last syllable. In two-syllable words, it is placed on the first syllable.
2. In trisyllabic and polysyllabic words, the stress is placed on the penultimate or third syllable from the end.
The placement of stress depends on the duration of the penultimate syllable. If the penultimate syllable is long, then the stress falls on it, and if it is short, then the stress falls on the third syllable from the end.
Therefore, in order to place stress in words containing more than two syllables, it is necessary to know the rules for longitude or shortness of the penultimate syllable.
Two rules of longitude
Longitude of penultimate syllable.
1. The syllable is long if it contains a diphthong: peritona'eum - peritoneum, perona'eus - peroneal (nerve), dia'eta - diet.
2. A syllable is long if a vowel comes before two or more consonants, as well as before the double consonants x and z. This longitude is called positional longitude.
For example: colu'mna - column, pillar, exte'rnus - external, labyri'nthus - labyrinth, medu'lla - brain, medulla, maxi'lla - upper jaw, metaca'rpus - metacarpus, circumfle'xus - envelope.
brevity rule
A vowel before a vowel or h is always short. For example: tro'chlea - block, pa'ries - wall, o'sseus - bony, acro'mion - acromion (shoulder process), xiphoi'deus - xiphoid, peritendi'neum - peritendinium, pericho'ndrium - perichondrium.
Author: Shtun A.I.
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