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Table of contents

1. Introduction (Historical background. Special scientific concept. Definition. System of concepts and terminology. Medical terminology - system of systems. Pharmaceutical terminology. General cultural humanitarian meaning of the Latin language)
2. Alphabet. Phonetics. Reading vowels. Features of reading consonants. Pronunciation of letters. Stress Rules
3. Grammar: Noun; system of declensions, dictionary form, gender. Management as a type of subordination (Types of declensions. The concept of the dictionary form of a noun. Definition of the practical basis. Determination of the gender of nouns. Determination of the gender of nouns ending in the nominative singular in -a, -um, -on, -en, -i, -us. III declension of nouns . Grammatical features of the masculine gender and the nature of the stems. General requirements for determining the grammatical gender in the III declension)
4. Adjective. Grammatical categories (Declination of adjectives. Dictionary form. Agreement. Adjective - agreed definition. Comparative degree (Gradus comparativus); formation and declension. Nominative plural (Nominativus pluralis) of nouns of I, II, III, IV, V declension and adjectives)
5. Genitive plural (Genetivus pluralis) nouns of I, II, III, IV, V declension and adjectives
6. Word composition. Types of morphemes. Morpheme analysis
7. Frequency term elements of Greek-Latin origin. Articulation of terms
8. Methods of word formation (Suffixation. Frequency Latin and Greek suffixes. Base. Prefixation. Prefix-suffix derivatives)
9. Verb. Imperative, subjunctive, indefinite form. Accusative case, ablative (Four verb conjugations. Accusative case. Ablativus. Prepositions)
10. Pharmaceutical terminology and prescription. Some general pharmaceutical terms (Trivial names of medicinal substances. General requirements and current practice of assigning names to medicinal products. Frequency segments in trivial names)
11. Brief information about dosage forms
12. Recipe (Structure of a prescription. Structure of a prescription line. Use of the accusative case when prescribing tablets and suppositories. Abbreviations in the recipe)
13. Chemical nomenclature in Latin. Names of chemical elements, acids, oxides (Names of the most important chemical elements. Names of acids. Names of oxides. Names of salts. Names of anions. Frequency segments in the names of hydrocarbon radicals. Numerals. Adverbs. Pronouns, cardinal and ordinal numbers from 1 to 15. Numeral prefixes of Latin and Greek origin. Adverbs. Pronouns. Present tense of the indicative mood of the active and passive voices)
14. Participles (Present active participle. Passive past participle)
15. Latin proverbs and aphorisms
16. Latin-Russian Dictionary
17. Russian-Latin Dictionary
18. The Hippocratic Oath. Hippocratis jus jurandum
19. Professional medical expressions in Latin
20. Standard Latin expressions found in scientific, political, and fiction
21. Self-training exercises

Lecture No. 1. Introduction

Historical information

Latin belongs to the group Italian dead languages. The formation of the literary Latin language took place in the II-I centuries. BC e., and it reached its greatest perfection in the XNUMXst century. BC e., during the period of the so-called classical, or "golden", Latin. He was distinguished by the richest vocabulary, the ability to convey complex abstract concepts, scientific-philosophical, political, legal, economic and technical terminology. The high development of various literary genres is characteristic of this period (Cicero, Caesar, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, and others).

This period is followed by post-classical, or "silver", Latin (I-II centuries AD), when the norms of phonetics and morphology were finally consolidated, the rules of spelling were determined. The last period of the existence of Latin of ancient times was the so-called late Latin (III-VI centuries AD), when the gap between written, bookish, Latin and folk colloquial began to intensify.

As the Romans captured vast territories in the west and east, the Latin language spread among the tribes and peoples subject to Rome. However, the status and role of the Latin language was not the same in different Roman provinces.

In the countries of the Western Mediterranean by the end of the II century. BC e. Latin won the position of the official state language, thereby contributing to the Romanization of the Celtic tribes living in Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, partly the Netherlands and Switzerland), and by the end of the XNUMXst century. BC e. - tribes of Iberians, Celts and Lusitans who inhabited the regions of the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Spain and Portugal).

Starting from 43 AD. e. and until 407, the Celts (British) who inhabited Britain were also under the rule of Rome.

If in the west of Europe the Latin language in its colloquial form spread, almost without encountering the resistance of tribal languages, then in the depths of the Mediterranean basin (Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt) it encountered languages ​​that had a longer written history and had a level of culture much higher than Latin language of the Roman conquerors. Even before the arrival of the Romans, the Greek language became widespread in these regions, and with it the Greek, or Hellenic, culture.

And the Latin script itself, which was used by the ancient Romans and which then formed the basis of the languages ​​of many peoples of the world, goes back to the Greek alphabet. Perhaps it arose at the turn of the IX-VIII centuries. BC e. thanks to the contacts of the Italians with the colony cities of the Greeks in the south of the Apennine Peninsula.

From the very first cultural contacts between the Romans and the Greeks and throughout the history of ancient Rome, the latter experienced in the economic, state, social and spiritual areas of life the ever-increasing influence of the highly developed Greek culture.

Educated Romans tended to read and converse in Greek. Borrowed Greek words were included in colloquial and literary Latin, especially actively after being under the rule of Rome in the II-I centuries. BC e. Greece and Hellenistic countries were included. From the XNUMXnd century BC e. Rome began to assimilate the vocabulary of Greek science, philosophy and medicine, partially borrowing along with new concepts and terms denoting them, slightly Latinizing them.

At the same time, another process also developed more actively - the formation of Latin words of scientific content, that is, terms. "The main method of using Greek scientific and philosophical terminology among the Romans is tracing, both word-production - the formation of a new Latin word according to the Greek model, and semantic - communication to the Latin word of those special meanings that the Greek has acquired" (I. M. Troysky).

When comparing the two classical languages, their significant differences are visible. The Latin language was noticeably inferior in its word-forming potential to the Greek, which had a remarkable ability to clothe in linguistic forms newly discovered, described phenomena, facts, ideas of biological and medical content, to easily create more and more new names almost transparent in meaning through various methods of word formation, especially by bases and suffixes.

1. Term and terminology

Word "term" (terminus) is Latin and once meant "limit, border". A term is a word or phrase that serves to unambiguously and accurately designate (name) a special, scientific concept in a certain system of special concepts (in science, technology, production). Like any common word, the term has a content or meaning (semantics, from the Greek semantikos - "denoting"), and a form, or a sound complex (pronunciation). Unlike the rest of the common lexicon, which denotes ordinary, everyday, so-called naive ideas, the terms denote special scientific concepts.

2. Special scientific concept. Definition

The Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary defines notion so: "A thought that reflects in a generalized form the objects and phenomena of reality and the connections between them by fixing general and specific features, which are the properties of objects and phenomena and the relationship between them." The concept has content and scope. The content of a concept is a set of the features of an object reflected in it. The scope of a concept is a set (class) of objects, each of which has features that make up the content of the concept.

Unlike everyday everyday concepts, a special scientific concept is always a fact of a scientific concept, the result of a theoretical generalization. The term, being a sign of a scientific concept, plays the role of an intellectual tool. With its help, scientific theories, concepts, provisions, principles, laws are formulated. The term is often a herald of a new scientific discovery, a phenomenon. Therefore, unlike non-terms, the meaning of a term is revealed in a definition, a definition that is necessarily attributed to it. A definition (lat. definitio) is a formulation in a concise form of the essence of the concept being terminated, that is, denoted by the term, the concept: only the main content of the concept is indicated. For example: ontogenesis (Greek on, ontos - "existing", "being" + genesis - "generation", "development") - a set of successive morphological, physiological and biochemical transformations of the body from its inception to the end of life; Aerophiles (lat. aёr - "air" + philos - "loving") - microorganisms that receive energy only from the oxidation reaction of oxygen in the environment.

As you can see, the definition does not just explain the meaning of the term, but establishes this meaning. The requirement to determine what this or that term means is tantamount to the requirement to give a definition of a scientific concept. In encyclopedias, special explanatory dictionaries, in textbooks, the concept (term) introduced for the first time is revealed in definitions. Knowledge of the definitions of those concepts (terms) that are included in the curriculum in the disciplines is a mandatory requirement for the student.

3. System of concepts and terminological system

A special concept (term) does not exist by itself, isolated from other concepts (terms). It is always an element of a certain system of concepts (system of terms).

Vocabulary - this is a set of terms within a certain professional language, but not a simple set, but a system - a term system. Each term in it occupies its strictly defined place, and all terms together in one way or another, directly or indirectly interconnected or interdependent. Here are some examples of definitions that support this assertion. "Serotonin is a biologically active substance from the group of biogenic amines; it is found in all tissues, mainly the digestive tract and central nervous system, as well as in platelets; it plays the role of a mediator in some synapses and in the development of some allergic reactions." "Nondisjunction of chromosomes - a violation of the process of meiosis, or mitosis, which consists in the departure of homologous chromosomes or chromatids during anaphase to the same pole, can cause chromosomal aberration."

To understand the meaning of a term means to know the place of the concept correlated with it in the system of concepts of a given science.

4. Medical terminology - system of systems

Modern medical terminology is a system of systems, or a macroterminological system. The entire set of medical and paramedical terms, as noted, reaches several hundred thousand. The plan of the content of medical terminology is very diverse: morphological formations and processes characteristic of the human body in normal and pathological conditions at various stages of their development; diseases and pathological conditions of a person; forms of their course and signs (symptoms, syndromes), pathogens and carriers of diseases; environmental factors that positively or negatively affect the human body; indicators of hygienic regulation and evaluation; methods of diagnostics, prevention and therapeutic treatment of diseases; operational accesses and surgical operations; organizational forms of providing medical and preventive care to the population and the sanitary and epidemiological service; devices, devices, tools and other technical means, equipment, medical furniture; medicinal products grouped according to the principle of their pharmacological action or therapeutic effect; individual medicinal products, medicinal plants, medicinal raw materials, etc.

The macroterminological system consists of many layers. Each layer is an independent sub-term system serving a separate medical, biological, pharmaceutical science or field of knowledge. Each term is an element of a certain subsystem, for example, anatomical, histological, embryological, therapeutic, surgical, gynecological, endocrinological, forensic, traumatological, psychiatric, genetic, botanical, biochemical, etc. Each subterminological system reflects a certain scientific classification of concepts adopted in this science. At the same time, terms from different subsystems, interacting with each other, are in certain semantic relationships and connections at the level of the macroterminal system. This reflects the dual trend of progress: the further differentiation of the medical sciences, on the one hand, and their increasing interdependence and integration, on the other. In the XX century. the number of highly specialized sub-terminal systems has significantly increased, expressing concepts related to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases that affect mainly individual organs and systems (pulmonology, urology, nephrology, sexual pathology, arthrology, gastroenterology, abdominal surgery, neurosurgery, etc.). Over the past decades, highly specialized dictionaries of cardiology, oncology, radiology, immunology, medical virology, and hygienic sciences have reached an impressive size.

Within the framework of the macroterminal system, the following subsystems play an almost leading role:

1) anatomical and histological nomenclature;

2) a complex of pathological-anatomical, pathological-physiological and clinical term systems;

3) pharmaceutical terminology.

It is these subsystems that are the objects of study in the course of the Latin language and the basics of medical terminology.

5. Pharmaceutical terminology

Pharmaceutical terminology - these are the names of dosage forms, means of plant and chemical origin. Each new drug receives both Russian and Latin names. The latter is used by the doctor when writing a prescription in Latin.

The arsenal of medicines used today in the world, produced in Russia and imported from abroad, has tens of thousands of names. These are the names of chemicals of inorganic and organic origin, including synthetic and semi-synthetic, the names of medicinal plants, etc.

6. General cultural humanitarian significance of the Latin language

Studying a Latin language course at a medical institute pursues a purely professional goal - to prepare a terminologically competent doctor. However, in order to master any language, it is necessary to improve one's cultural and educational level, to broaden one's horizons. In this regard, Latin aphorisms are useful, sayings that express a generalized, complete thought in a concise form, for example: Fortes fortuna juvat - "Fortune helps the brave"; Non progredi est regredi - "To not go forward is to go back." Proverbs like: Omnia mea mecum porto - "I carry everything with me" are also interesting; Festina lente - "Hurry slowly", etc. Many aphorisms are separate lines, statements of famous ancient writers, philosophers, politicians. Of considerable interest are aphorisms in Latin belonging to the scientists of the New Age: R. Descartes, I. Newton, M. Lomonosov, K. Linnaeus and others.

Most of the Latin aphorisms, sayings and proverbs included in the material of individual lessons and presented in a list at the end of the textbook have long become popular expressions. They are used in scientific and fiction literature, in public speaking. Separate Latin aphorisms and sayings deal with issues of life and death, human health, and the behavior of a doctor. Some of them are medical deontological (Greek deon, deonios - "due" + logos - "teaching") commandments, for example: Solus aegroti suprema lex medkorum - "The good of the patient is the highest law of doctors"; Primum noli nocere! - "First of all, do no harm!" (the doctor's first commandment).

In the international vocabulary of many languages ​​of the world, especially European ones, Latinisms occupy a significant place: institute, faculty, rector, dean, professor, doctor, associate professor, assistant, graduate student, laboratory assistant, preparator, student, dissertator, audience, communication, credit, discredit, decree, creed, course, curator, supervise, prosecutor, cadet, cruise, competitor, competition, excursion, excursionist, degree, gradation, degradation, ingredient, aggression, congress, progress, regression, lawyer, legal adviser, consultation, intellect, intellectual, colleague, board, collection, petition, appetite, competence, rehearsal, tutor, conservator, conservatory, conserve, observatory, reserve, reservation, reservoir, valence, valerian, currency, devaluation, invalid, prevail, equivalent, statue, monument, ornament, style, illustration, etc.

Only in the last few years, on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in the speeches of deputies, words of Latin origin, new to our political life, flashed: pluralism (pluralis - "multiple"), conversion (conversio - "transformation", "change"), consensus (consensus - "consent", "agreement"), sponsor (sponsor - "trustee"), rotation (rotatio - "circular motion"), etc.

Lecture number 2. Alphabet. Phonetics. Reading vowels. Features of reading consonants. Pronunciation of letters. Stress Rules

NB!

1. Remember the styles and names of the letters of the Latin alphabet.

2. Learn to pronounce the sounds that are indicated by these letters.

3. Letter and sound are not the same thing. Do not change these concepts.

1. Alphabet

The Latin alphabet, which is used in modern textbooks, reference books and dictionaries, consists of 25 letters.

Below is the traditional reading of Latin letters, adopted in Russian educational practice.

Table 1. Latin alphabet

With a capital letter in Latin, proper names, names of months, peoples, geographical names and adjectives derived from them are written. In pharmaceutical terminology, it is customary to write the names of plants and medicinal substances with a capital letter.

Notes

1. Most of the letters of the Latin alphabet are pronounced the same as in various Western European languages, however, some letters in these languages ​​are called differently than in Latin; for example, the letter h is called "ha" in German, "ash" in French, "h" in English, and "ha" in Latin. The letter j in French is called "zhi", in English - "jay", and in Latin - "iot". The Latin letter "c" in English is called "si", etc.

2. It must be borne in mind that the same letter can denote an unequal sound in these languages. For example, the sound indicated by the letter g is pronounced in Latin as [g], and in French and English before e, i - as [g] or [j]; in English j is read as [j].

3. Latin spelling is phonetic, it reproduces the actual pronunciation of sounds. Compare: lat. latina [latina], eng. latin [laetin] - Latin.

The difference is especially noticeable when comparing vowels in Latin and English. In Latin, almost all vowels are always pronounced the same as the corresponding vowels in Russian.

4. As a rule, names not from the Latin language, but from other languages ​​(Greek, Arabic, French, etc.) are latinized, that is, they are drawn up in accordance with the rules of phonetics and grammar of the Latin language.

2. Reading vowels (and consonant j)

"E e" reads like [e]: vertebra [ve'rtebra] - vertebra, medianus [media'nus] - median.

Unlike Russians, no Latin consonants soften before the sound [e]: anterior [ante'rior] - front, arteria [arte'ria] - artery.

"I i" reads like [and]: inferior [infe'rior] - lower, internus [inte'rnus] - internal.

At the beginning of a word or syllable, before vowels, i is read as a voiced consonant [th]: iugularis [yugula'ris] - jugular, iunctura [yunktu'ra] - connection, maior [ma'yor] - big, iuga [yu'ga] - elevation.

In these positions, in modern medical terminology, instead of i, the letter J j is used - yot: jugularis [yugula'ris], juncture [yunktu'ra], major [ma'yor], juga [yu'ga].

The letter j is not written only in words borrowed from the Greek language, since there was no sound [th] in it: iatria [ia'triya] - healing, iodum [io'dum] - iodine.

NB!

To convey the sounds [ya], [yo], [ye], [yu], combinations of letters ja, jo, je, ju are used.

Y y (upsilon), in French "y", reads like [and]: tympanum [ti'mpanum] - drum; gyrus [gi'rus] - convolution of the brain. The letter "upsilon" is used only in words of Greek origin. It was introduced by the Romans to convey the letter of the Greek alphabet upsilon, which was read as German [and]. If the Greek word was written through i (Greek iota), read as [and], then it was transcribed into Latin through i.

NB!

In order to correctly write medical terms, you need to know some of the most common Greek prefixes and roots in which "upsilon" is written:

dys [dis-] - a prefix that gives the term the meaning of a violation, a disorder of function: dysostosis (dys + osteon - "bone") - dysostosis - a disorder of bone formation;

hypo [hypo-] - "under", "below": hypoderma (hypo + derma - "skin") - hypodermis - subcutaneous tissue, hypogastrium (hypo- + gaster - "stomach", "stomach") - hypogastrium - hypogastrium;

hyper [hyper-] - "above", "over": hyperostosis (hyper + osteon - "bone") - hyperostosis - pathological growth of unchanged bone tissue;

syn-, sym [syn-, sym-] - "with", "together", "together": synostosis (syn + osteon - "bone") - synostosis - connection of bones through bone tissue;

mu (o) [myo-] - the root of the word, indicating the relationship to the muscles: myologia (myo + logos - "word", "teaching") - myology - the doctrine of muscles;

phys [phys-] - the root of the word, indicating in anatomical terms the relation to something growing in a certain place: diaphysis - diaphysis (in osteology) - the middle part of the tubular bone.

3. Diphthongs (digraphs)

In addition to simple vowels [a], [e], [i], [o], [i], in Latin there were also two-vowel sounds (diphthongs) ae, oe, ai, her. In the classical era, they were all pronounced with a non-syllabic second element. Later, the diphthongs ae [from ai] and oe [from oi] began to be pronounced as one sound, that is, they turned into monophthongs represented by two letters, the so-called digraphs.

Digraph ae reads like [e]: vertebrae [ve'rtebre] - vertebrae, peritonaeum [peritone'um] - peritoneum.

The digraph oe is read as [e], more precisely, like the German o or French oe: foetor [fetor] - bad smell.

In most cases, the diphthongs ae and oe, found in medical terms, served to render in Latin the Greek diphthongs ai and oi. For example: oedema [ede'ma] - edema, oesophagus [eso'fagus] - esophagus.

If in combinations ae and oe the vowels belong to different syllables, that is, they do not constitute a diphthong, then a separation sign (``) is placed above e and each vowel is pronounced separately: diploe [diploe] - diploe - spongy substance of the flat bones of the skull; aёr [air] - air.

The diphthong au reads like [ay]: auris [au'ris] - ear. The diphthong eu reads like [eu]: ple'ura [ple'ura] - pleura, neurocranium [neurocranium] - brain skull.

4. Features of reading consonants

A double reading of the letter "C with" is accepted: as [k] or [c].

How [k] is read before the vowels a, o, and, before all consonants and at the end of the word: caput [ka'put] - head, head of bones and internal organs, cubitus [ku'bitus] - elbow, clavicula [klyavi'kulya ] - clavicle, crista [kri'sta] - crest.

How [ts] is read before the vowels e, i, y and the digraphs ae, oe: cervicalis [cervika'lis] - cervical, incisure [incizu'ra] - tenderloin, coccyngeus [koktsinge'us] - coccygeal, coelia [tse'lia ] - abdomen.

"Н h" is read as Ukrainian sound [g] or German [h] (haben): homo [homo] - man, hnia'tus [gna'tus] - gap, cleft, humerus [gume'rus] - humerus.

"To k" is very rare, almost exclusively in words of non-Latin origin, in cases where you need to keep the sound [k] before the sounds [e] or [and]: kyphosis [kypho'zis] - kyphosis, kinetocytus [kinetocytus ] - kinetocyte - mobile cell (words of Greek origin). Exception: kalium [ka'lium] (Arabic) - potassium and some other words.

"L l" is always read softly, as in French and German: labium [la'bium] - lip, lumbalis [lumba'lis] - lumbar, pelvinus [pelvi'nus] - pelvic.

"S s" has a double reading - [s] or [s]. How [s] is read in most cases: sulcus [su'lkus] - furrow, os sacrum [os sa'krum] - sacrum, sacral bone; dorsum [do'rsum] - back, back, rear. How [h] is read in a position between vowels: incisura [incizu'ra] - tenderloin, vesica [vezi'ka] - bubble. Double s reads like [s]: fossa [fo'csa] - pit, ossa [o'ssa] - bones, processus [proce'ssus] - process. In the position between vowels and consonants m, n in words of Greek origin, s is read as [h]: chiasma [chia'zma] - cross, platysma [plyati'zma] - subcutaneous muscle of the neck.

"X x" is called a double consonant, since it represents the sound combination [ks]: radix [ra'dix] is the root, extremitas [ekstre'mitas] is the end.

"Z z" is found in words of Greek origin and reads like [h]: zygomaticus [zygoma'ticus] - zygomatic, trapezius [trapezius] - trapezoidal.

5. Pronunciation of letter combinations

The letter "Q q" occurs only in combination with u before vowels, and this combination is read as [kv]: squama [squa'me] - scales, quadratus [quadra'tus] - square.

The letter combination ngu is read in two ways: before vowels as [ngv], before consonants - [ngu]: lingua [li'ngva] - language, lingula [li'ngulya] - tongue, sanguis [sa'ngvis] - blood, angulus [angu' lux] - angle.

The combination of ti before vowels reads like [qi]: rotatio [rota'tsio] - rotation, articulatio [articulatio'tsio] - joint, eminentia [emine'ntsia] - elevation.

However, ti before vowels in the combinations sti, xti, tti is read as [ti]: ostium [o'stium] - hole, entrance, mouth, mixtio [mi'kstio] - mixture.

6. Digraphs ch, ph, rh, th

In words of Greek origin, there are digraphs ch, ph, rh, th, which are graphic signs for conveying the corresponding sounds of the Greek language. Each digraph is read as one sound:

ch = [x]; ph = [f]; rh = [p]; th = [t]: nucha [nu'ha] - neck, chorda [chord] - chord, string, phalanx [fa'lanks] - phalanx; apophysis [apophysis] - apophysis, process; thorax [to'rax] - chest notch, rhaphe [ra'fe] - seam.

The letter combination sch reads like [cx]: os ischii [os i'shii] - ischium, ischiadicus [ischia'dicus] - ischium.

NB!

The Latin transcription of words of Greek origin depends on the sound-letter correspondences in Latin and Greek.

7. Rules for setting stress

1. The stress is never placed on the last syllable. In two-syllable words, it is placed on the first syllable.

2. In trisyllabic and polysyllabic words, the stress is placed on the penultimate or third syllable from the end.

The placement of stress depends on the duration of the penultimate syllable. If the penultimate syllable is long, then the stress falls on it, and if it is short, then the stress falls on the third syllable from the end.

Therefore, in order to place stress in words containing more than two syllables, it is necessary to know the rules for longitude or shortness of the penultimate syllable.

Two rules of longitude

Longitude of the penultimate syllable.

1. The syllable is long if it contains a diphthong: peritona'eum - peritoneum, perona'eus - peroneal (nerve), dia'eta - diet.

2. A syllable is long if a vowel comes before two or more consonants, as well as before the double consonants x and z. This longitude is called longitude by position. For example: colu'mna - column, pillar, exte'rnus - external, labyri'nthus - labyrinth, medu'lla - brain, medulla, maxi'lla - upper jaw, metaca'rpus - metacarpus, circumfle'xus - envelope.

NB!

If the vowel of the penultimate syllable comes before the combination b, c, d, g, p, t with the letters l, r, then such a syllable remains short: ve'rtebra - vertebra, pa'lpebra - eyelid, tri'quetrus - trihedral. The combinations ch, ph, rh, th are considered one sound and do not create the length of the penultimate syllable: chole'dochus - bile.

8. Rule of brevity

A vowel before a vowel or h is always short. For example: tro'chlea - block, pa'ries - wall, o'sseus - bony, acro'mion - acromion (shoulder process), xiphoi'deus - xiphoid, peritendi'neum - peritendinium, pericho'ndrium - perichondrium.

NB!

There are words to which the given rules of longitude and brevity of a syllable cannot be applied. This happens when only one consonant follows the vowel of the penultimate syllable. In some words, the penultimate syllable is short, in others it is long. In such cases, it is necessary to refer to the dictionary, where the length of the penultimate syllable is conventionally indicated by the superscript sign (-), and the brevity - by the sign (``).

In addition, it should be remembered that the adjective suffixes -al-, -ar-, -at-, -in-, -os are always long and, therefore, stressed. For example: orbita'lis - orbital, articula'ris - articular, hama'tus - hooked, pelvi'nus - pelvic, spino'sus - spinous. The suffix -ic- in adjectives is short and unstressed: ga'stricus - gastric, thora'cicus - chest.

Lecture No. 3. Grammar: Noun; declension system, dictionary form, gender. Management as a type of subordination

Morphology - this is a section of grammar that studies the patterns of existence, formation (structure) and understanding of word forms (word forms) of various parts of speech (noun, adjective, verb, etc.).

The word has lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical meaning is the content of the word, generalizing in our minds the idea of ​​an object, phenomenon, property, process (rib, ontogenesis, direct, serous, bending, etc.).

The grammatical meaning is determined both by the categorical belonging of a given word to the corresponding part of speech (for example, the meaning of objectivity in a noun, the meaning of an attribute in an adjective), and the private meaning due to a change in the forms of this word (rib, ribs; direct, direct, direct, etc. .).

The word exists as a system of forms. The system of changing the forms of words is called inflection.

The grammatical categories according to which the forms of a noun change in Latin, as in Russian, are cases and numbers (vertebra - vertebra, corpus vertebrae - vertebral body; foramen - hole, foramina - holes; os - bone, ossa - bones, sternum - sternum, manubrium sterni - handle of the sternum).

Noun

The inflection of nouns according to cases and numbers is called declension.

Case

There are 6 cases in Latin.

Nominativus (Nom.) - nominative (who, what?).

Genetivus (Gen.) - genitive (of whom, what?).

Dativus (Dat.) - dative (to whom, what?).

Accusativus (Acc.) - accusative (whom, what?).

Ablativus (Abl.) - ablative, creative (by whom, with what?).

Vocativus (Voc.) - vocative.

For nomination, i.e. for naming (naming) objects, phenomena, and the like in medical terminology, only two cases are used - nominative (im. p.) and genitive (gen. p.).

The nominative case is called the direct case, which means the absence of relations between words. The meaning of this case is the actual naming. The genitive case has a characterizing meaning.

1. Types of declensions

There are 5 types of declensions in Latin, each of which has its own paradigm (a set of word forms).

A practical means of distinguishing declension (determining the type of declension) in Latin is the genitive case of the singular. Genus forms. p. units hours in all declensions are different.

A sign of the type of declension of a noun is the ending of the gender. p. units h., therefore, in dictionaries, the form genus. p. units h. is indicated along with the form of them. p. units hours and they must be memorized only together.

Distribution of nouns by types of declension depending on gender endings. p.un. h.

Genitive endings of all declensions

2. The concept of the dictionary form of a noun

Nouns are listed in the dictionary and learned in dictionary form, which contains three components:

1) the form of the word in them. p. units hours;

2) the end of the genus. p. units hours;

3) gender designation - male, female or neuter (abbreviated as one letter: m, f, n).

For example: lamina, ae (f), sutura, ae (f), sulcus, i (m); ligamentum, i(n); pars, is(f), margo, is(m); os, is(n); articulatio, is (f), canalis, is (m); ductus, us(m); arcus, us (m), cornu, us, (n); facies, ei (f).

3. Determining the practical basis

Some nouns have the III declension before the ending genus. p. units h. -is is also attributed to the final part of the stem. This is necessary if the stem of the word is in gender. p. units h. does not coincide with the basis of them. p. units hours:

The full form of the genus. p. units hours for such nouns are found as follows: corpus, =oris (=corpor - is); foramen, -inis (= foramin - is).

For such nouns, the practical basis is determined only from the form of the word to the gender. p. units hours by discarding its ending. If the basics in them. p. units hours and in the genus. p. units h. coincide, then only the ending genus is indicated in the dictionary form. etc., and the practical basis in such cases can be determined from them. p. units hours without ending.

Let's look at some examples.

The practical basis is the basis, to which, during inflection (declension), the endings of oblique cases are added; it may not coincide with the so-called historical basis.

For monosyllabic nouns with a changing stem, the entire word form genus is indicated in the dictionary form. n., for example pars, partis; crus, cruris; os, oris; cor, cordis.

4. Definition of the gender of nouns

In Latin, as in Russian, nouns belong to three genders: masculine (masculinum - m), feminine (femininum - f) and neuter (neutrum - n).

The grammatical gender of Latin nouns cannot be determined from the gender of Russian words equivalent in meaning, since often the gender of nouns with the same meaning in Russian and Latin does not coincide.

It is possible to determine the belonging of a Latin noun to a particular gender only by the endings characteristic of this gender in it. p. units h. For example, words in -a are feminine (costa, vertebra, lamina, incisura, etc.), words in -um are neuter (ligamentum, manubrium, sternum, etc.).

NB!

A sign of the declension of a noun is the ending of the gender. p. units hours; a sign of the genus - a characteristic ending in them. p. units h.

5. Determination of the gender of nouns ending in the nominative singular in -а, -um, -on, -en, -и, -us

You can get acquainted with all the characteristic features of the gender of Latin nouns in a number of lessons on the III declension. In this section, we will focus only on the signs of the grammatical gender of some groups of words that have in them. p. units h. characteristic endings: -a, -um, -on, -en, -u, -us.

There can be no doubt that nouns in -a belong to the feminine gender, and nouns in -um, -on, -en, -u - to the middle one.

As for nouns ending in -us, the answer cannot be unambiguous without involving additional data and, above all, information about the declension of the word.

All nouns in -us, if they belong to the II or IV declension, are necessarily masculine, for example:

lobus, i; nodus, i; sulcus, i;

ductus, us; arcus, us; meatus, us, m - masculine.

If a noun in -us belongs to the III declension, then its belonging to a certain gender should be specified with the help of such an additional indicator as the final consonant of the stem in the gender. P.; if the final consonant of the stem is -r, then the noun is neuter, and if the final consonant is different (-t or -d), then it is feminine.

For example:

tempus, or-is; crus, crur-is;

corpus, or-is - neuter, juventus, ut-is - feminine.

6. III declension of nouns. Grammatical signs of the masculine gender and the nature of the stems

Third declension nouns were extremely rare, for example: os, corpus, caput, foramen, dens. This methodological approach was absolutely justified. III declension is the most difficult to master and has a number of features that distinguish it from other declensions.

1. The third declension includes nouns of all three genders ending in gender. p. units h on -is (a sign of the III declension).

2. In them. p. units h. words not only of different genders, but even of the same gender have different endings characteristic of a particular gender; for example, in the masculine gender -os, -or, -o, -eg, -ex, -es.

3. For most nouns, the third declension stems in them. n. and in the genus. items do not match.

With such nouns, the practical basis is not determined by them. n., but by genus. n. by dropping the ending -is.

1. If in the dictionary form of any noun before the ending genus. p. units h. -is the end of the stem is attributed, which means that the stem of such a word is determined by the genus. P.:

Basis cortic-.

2. If in the dictionary form before the end of the genus. p. units h. -is has no postscript, which means that such a word can also have a basis determined by them. p. units h., discarding the ending to them. P.:

3. Nouns III declension depending on the coincidence or mismatch of the number of syllables in them. n. and genus. p. units hours are equally complex and non-equisyllabic, which is important for the exact definition of the genus in a number of cases.

4. For monosyllabic nouns in the dictionary form in gender. n. the word is written in full:

7. General requirements for the definition of grammatical gender in the III declension

The genus is determined by the endings of them. p. units h., characteristic of a certain genus within a given declension. Therefore, in order to determine the gender of any noun of the III declension, three points must be taken into account:

1) to know that the given word refers specifically to the III declension, and not to any other;

2) know what endings are in them. p. units hours are characteristic of one or another kind of III declension;

3) in some cases, also take into account the nature of the stem of the given word.

Results:

1) nouns ending in -a are feminine;

2) nouns with -urn, -en, -on, -u are neuter;

3) most nouns in -us, if they belong to the II or IV declension, are masculine;

4) words in -us ending in gender. n. on -r-is, - neuter.

Knowing that a noun belongs to a certain gender, you can correctly agree with it (in gender!) An adjective or form a word form for them. n. pl. h.

In most cases, the belonging of a word to one or another declension cannot serve as an indicator of gender, since in the same declension there are nouns of two genders (II and IV declension) or three genders (III declension). Nevertheless, it is useful to remember the following relation between the gender of a noun and its declension:

1) in I and V declensions - only feminine;

2) in the II and IV declensions - masculine and neuter;

3) in the III declension - all three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

Of the words in -us, most belong to the II declension, only a few - to the IV.

It is important to remember that in dictionary form some of the most frequent nouns are in the IV declension: processus, us (m) - process; arcus, us (m) - arc; sinus, us (m) - sinus, sinus; meatus, us (m) - passage, move; plexus, us (m) - plexus; recessus, us (m) - deepening, pocket.

Lecture number 4. The name is an adjective. Grammar categories

The categorical (generalized) meaning of an adjective as a part of speech is the meaning of an attribute of an object (quality, property, belonging, etc.).

1. Adjectives in Latin, as in Russian, are divided into qualitative and relative. Qualitative adjectives denote a sign of an object directly, i.e., without relation to other objects: true rib - costa vera, long bone - os longum, yellow ligament - ligamentum flavum, transverse process - processus transversus, large hole - foramen magnum, trapezoid bone - os trapezoideum, sphenoid bone - os sphenoidale, etc.

Relative adjectives indicate the sign of an object not directly, but through relation to another object: the spinal column (column of the vertebrae) - columna vertebralis, the frontal bone - os frontale, the sphenoid sinus (the cavity in the body of the sphenoid bone) - sinus sphenoidalis, the sphenoid crest (section anterior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone) - crista sphenoidalis.

The predominant mass of adjectives in the anatomical nomenclature are relative adjectives, indicating that a given anatomical formation belongs to a whole organ or to another anatomical formation, such as the frontal process (extending from the zygomatic bone upwards, where it connects to the zygomatic process of the frontal bone) - processus frontalis.

2. The categorical meaning of the adjective is expressed in the categories of gender, number and case. The gender category is an inflectional category. As in Russian, adjectives change by gender: they can be in the form of masculine, feminine or neuter. The gender of an adjective depends on the gender of the noun with which it agrees. For example, the Latin adjective meaning "yellow" (-th, -th) has three gender forms - flavus (m. p.), flava (f. p.), flavum (cf. p.).

3. Inflection of adjectives also occurs according to cases and numbers, that is, adjectives, like nouns, decline.

1. Declension of adjectives. dictionary form

Adjectives, unlike nouns, are declined only in I, II or III declension.

The specific type of declension, according to which this or that adjective changes, is determined by the standard dictionary form in which it is recorded in the dictionary and in which it should be remembered.

In the dictionary form of the overwhelming majority of adjectives, the endings characteristic of one kind or another in them are indicated. p. units h.

At the same time, some adjectives have endings in them. n. for each genus are completely different, for example: rectus, recta, rectum - straight, straight, straight; other adjectives for masculine and feminine have one common ending, and for the neuter gender - another, for example: brevis - short and short, breve - short.

Adjectives are given differently in the dictionary form. For example: rectus, -a, -um; brevis, -e.

Ending -us m. is replaced in R. to -a (recta), and cf. R. - on -um (rectum).

Two groups of adjectives

Depending on the type of declension according to which adjectives are inclined, they are divided into 2 groups. Membership in a group is recognized by standard dictionary forms.

The 1st group includes adjectives that are declined according to the I and II declension. They are easily recognized by their endings. n. -us (or -er), -a, -um in dictionary form.

The 2nd group includes all adjectives that have a different dictionary form. Their inflection occurs according to the III declension.

Memorizing the dictionary form is necessary in order to correctly determine the type of declension and use the appropriate endings in oblique cases.

Adjectives of the 1st group

In the presence of a dictionary form with endings in them. p. units h. -us, -a, -um or -er, -a, -um adjectives in the form of g. R. inclined according to the I declension, in the form of m. and cf. R. - according to the II declension.

For example: longus, -a, -um - long; liber, -era, -erum - free. In the genus n. they have, respectively, endings:

Some adjectives that have in m. ending -er, the letter "e" drops out in m. p., starting with the genus. p. units h., and in R. and on Wed. R. - in all cases without exception. This is not the case for other adjectives. For example, dictionary forms ruber, -bra, -brum, liber, -era, -erum.

Adjectives of the 2st group

Adjectives of the 2nd group are declined according to the III declension. Their dictionary form differs from the adjectives of the 1st group.

According to the number of generic endings in the dictionary form, adjectives of the 2nd group are divided into:

1) adjectives of two endings;

2) adjectives of one ending;

3) adjectives of three endings.

1. Adjectives of two endings in anatomical and histological and in general in medical terminology are most common. They have in them. p., unit only two generic endings - -is, -e; -is - common for m. and well. r., e - only for cf. R. For example: brevis - short, short; breve - short.

Examples of adjectives with two endings in dictionary form:

brevis, e - short, -th, -th;

frontalis, e - frontal, -th, -th.

The prevailing number of adjectives with two endings found in the nomenclature is characterized by the following word-formation model.

For example: stem-al-is, e - sternal, cost-al-is e - costal, clavicul-ar-is - clavicular, dors-al-is - dorsal, dorsal.

All adjectives formed in such a suffixal way acquired the general meaning "related to what is called the basis" (to the sternum, to the rib, to the collarbone, to the back, rear).

2. Adjectives of the same ending have one common ending in them for all genders. p. units h. Such an ending can be, in particular, -x, or -s, etc. For example: simplex - simple, -th, -th; teres - round, -th, -th; biceps - two-headed, -th, -th.

Unlike all other types of adjectives, they have the following feature: the stem is in gender. n. and them. p. - different. This is reflected in the dictionary form. For example:

simplex, icis - teres, etis - biceps, ipitis;

base: simplic- - teret- - bicipit-.

3. Adjectives of three endings have endings: m. - -er, f. p. - -is, cf. R. - e. For example: celer, -eris, -ere - fast, -th, -th; celeber, -bris, -bre - healing, -th, -th.

All adjectives of the 2nd group, regardless of the dictionary form, are declined according to the XNUMXrd declension and have a single stem in oblique cases.

For example:

2. Coordination. Adjective - agreed definition

Another type of subordinating relationship, when the function of definition in a nominal phrase is performed by a non-noun in gender. n., and the adjective is called agreement, and the definition is agreed.

When agreed, a grammatically dependent definition is likened to gender, number and case with the main word. As the grammatical forms of the main word change, the forms of the dependent word also change. In other words, as in Russian, adjectives agree with the noun in gender, number, and case.

For example, when agreeing adjectives transversus, -a, -um and vertebralis, -e with nouns processus, -us (m); linea, -ae (f); ligamentum, -i (n); canalls, -is (m); incisura, -ae, (f); foramen, -inis (n) results in the following phrases:

3. Comparative degree (Gradus comparativus); education and declination

As in Russian, Latin qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive (gradus positivus), comparative (gradus comparativus) and excellent (gradus superlativus).

The comparative degree is formed from the basis of a positive degree by adding the suffix -ior to it for m. and well. r., suffix -ius - for cf. R. For example:

NB!

1. The main grammatical feature of adjectives in a comparative degree are: for m. and well. R. - suffix -ior, for cf. R. - suffix -ius.

For example: brevior, -ius; latior, -ius.

2. For all adjectives, in a comparative degree, the stem coincides with the form of m. and well. R. in them. p. units hours:

3. Adjectives are declined in a comparative degree according to the III declension. Genus form. p. units hours for all three genera is the same: it is formed by adding the ending -is to the stem.

4. Adjectives are relatively consistent with nouns in gender, number and case, i.e. they are consistent definitions: sutura latior; sulcus latior; foramen latius.

4. Nominative plural (Nominativus pluralis) of nouns I, II, III, IV, V declensions and adjectives

1. Any case endings, including their endings. n. pl. hours, always attached to the base.

2. For the formation of word forms. n. pl. h. different declensions must adhere to the following provisions.

If the noun refers to cf. r., then it declines in accordance with the rule cf. r., which reads: all words cf. R. (both nouns and adjectives of all degrees of comparison), regardless of which declension they belong to, end in it. n. pl. hours on -a. This applies only to the words cf. p., for example: ligamenta lata - wide ligaments, crura ossea - bone legs, ossa temporalia - temporal bones, cornua majora - large horns.

Word endings in m. and well. R. in them. n. pl. hours are easier to remember, taking into account each individual declension. In this case, it is necessary to remember the following correspondences: nouns I, II, IV declensions have in them. n. pl. h. exactly the same ending as in the genus. n. pl. h. The same correspondence is observed for adjectives of the 1st group, because they are declined like nouns of I and II declensions, for example:

Nouns of the III and V declensions, as well as adjectives of the III declension and adjectives in the comparative degree (they also decline according to the III declension) have in them. n. pl. h. the same ending -es.

Generalization of data on the endings of nouns and adjectives in them. n. pl. h.

Lecture No. 5. Genitive plural (Genetivus pluralis) of nouns I, II, III, IV, V declensions and adjectives

Continuing the study of the inflection of nouns and adjectives in the plural, it is necessary to note the genitive case of the plural.

To learn how to quickly and accurately form terms in the form of gender. n. pl. h., you need to be able to:

1) determine by the dictionary form of a noun its belonging to a certain declension;

2) highlight the basis;

3) find out the gender by the characteristic endings of them. p. units hours;

4) establish in the dictionary form, an adjective belongs to the 1st or 2nd group;

5) determine which of the three declensions (I-II or III) the given adjective is inclined to agree with the noun in gender, number and case.

Genitive plural endings (Genetivus pluralis)

The ending -um has:

1) unequal nouns of all three genders, the stem of which ends in one consonant: tendinum (m), regionum (f), foraminum (n);

2) adjectives in a comparative degree of all three genders (they also have a basis for one consonant): majorum (m, f, n).

The ending -ium has:

1) all other nouns with a stem of more than one consonant; equivalent in -es, -is; nouns cf. R. in -e, -ai, -ar: dentium (m), partium (f), ossium (n), animalium, avium, retium;

2) adjectives of the 2nd group of all three genders: brevium (m, f, n).

Notes

1. Noun vas, vasis (n) - vessel in units. h. declines according to the III declension, and in many others. hours - according to II; Gen. pl. vasorum.

2. In the term os ilium (ilium), the form genus is used. n. pl. hours from the noun ile, -is (n) (lower abdomen); them. n. pl. hours - ilia (iliac region). Therefore, it is wrong to change the form of ilium to ilii (ossis ilii).

3. The noun fauces, -ium - pharynx is used only in plural. h.

4. Nouns of Greek origin larynx, pharynx, meninx, phalanx end in im. pl. hours on -um.

Lecture number 6. The composition of the word. Types of morphemes. Morpheme analysis

In a linear sequence, the word contains minimal parts that are indivisible neither in form nor in meaning: prefix (prefix), root, suffix and ending (inflection). All these minimal meaningful parts of a word are called morphemes (Greek morphe - form). The core of the meaning is enclosed in the root, for example: sweat-ovy, sweat-ny, sweat-nitsa, you-pot, etc. The prefix and suffix, distinguished by their position to the root, are called together derivational affixes (lat. affixus - "attached").

By attaching them to the root, they form derivatives - new words. The ending - an affix with a grammatical meaning does not serve for word formation, but for inflection (by cases, numbers, genders). The division of a word into morphemes is called analysis by composition, or morphemic analysis.

The entire unchanging part of the word preceding the ending, which carries the main lexical meaning, is called the basis of the word. In the words vertebr-a, vertebral-is, intervertebral-is, the stems are, respectively, vertebr-, vertebral-, intervertebral-.

The stem can in some cases be represented only by the root, in some others - by the root and word-building affixes, that is, the root, suffix and prefix.

Word-formation analysis. Generating and derivative stems (words)

Morpheme analysis shows what minimal meaningful parts (morphemes) the studied word consists of, but does not answer the question of what is the actual mechanism of word formation. This mechanism is revealed with the help of word-formation analysis. The meaning of the analysis is to isolate two direct components in the word: that single segment (generating stem) and that (those) affix(es), due to the combination of which the derivative word is formed.

The difference between derivational and morphemic analyzes can be shown by the following example.

The adjective interlobularis (interlobular) from the standpoint of morphemic analysis consists of five morphemes: inter- (prefix), -lob- (root), -ul-, -ar- (suffixes), -is (end); from the standpoint of word-formation analysis, two direct components are singled out: inter- - between (prefix) + -lobular (is) - lobular (producing stem, or word).

The real formation mechanism: inter- (prefix) + -lobular(is) (generating stem, not divisible in this case into morphemes). Therefore, the derivative is the one from which another derivative stem, more complex in composition, is formed by attaching affix(s) to it.

The derivative stem is larger than the derivative stem by at least one morpheme.

A word containing a derived stem is called derivative, and the generating producing. Thus, a derived word always includes a deriving stem and affix(es). A word with a non-derivative stem (root) is non-derivative.

To highlight the generating stem in the word under consideration, it should be compared with two rows of words:

1) containing the same stem (or the same root);

2) containing the same affix (or the same affixes); for example:

a) cholecyst-itis, cholecyst-o-graphia, cholecyst-o-pexia;

b) nephr-itis, vagin-itis, gastr-itis, etc.

The generating basis is not only the material backbone of the derived word, but also motivates, i.e., determines its meaning. In this sense, one can judge about motivating and motivated words or about motivating and motivated bases. So, for example, derivatives - the names of diseases of the heart muscle - myocarditis, myocardiofibrosis, myocardosis, myocardtodystrophia - are motivated by the motivating basis of myocard (ium).

A motivated word differs from a motivating one in greater semantic (in meaning) complexity, for example: the histological term myoblastus (myoblast), consisting of two root morphemes myo- - "muscle" + blastus (Greek blastos - "sprout", "embryo"), means an undifferentiated cell from which a striated muscle fiber develops. The same word served as a motivating basis for the formation of the motivated word myoblastoma (myoblastoma) - the name of a tumor consisting of large cells - myoblasts.

There are cases when the concepts of generating and motivating words do not completely coincide. This happens if it is not a single word that motivates, but the whole phrase (adjective + noun), and only the adjective is used as a generating basis. Such, for example, are the words-terms choledocho-piastica, chcledocho-tomia, choledocho-scopia, mastoid-itis, mastoido-tomia, for which the phrases ductus choledochus (common bile duct) and processus mastoideus (mastoid process) are motivating, and producing bases - choledoch- (Greek chole - "bile" + doche - "vessel", "receptacle") and mastoid- (Greek mastos - "nipple" + -eides - "similar", "similar"; "mastoid") . Similarly, the motivating phrase ductus hepaticus (hepatic duct) and the generating stem hepatico are related in terms of hepatico-tomia, hepatico-storria (operations on the hepatic duct).

Proper names or surnames of persons who first discovered or described this or that phenomenon are also used as producing bases in clinical and pathological terms. Such "family" terms are called eponymous, or eponyms. Motivating for each such term is usually a phrase - an anatomical name, which includes its own name.

For example: in the term highmoritis (sinusitis), the generating base haimor on behalf of the English physician and anatomist N. Highmore, who described the maxillary sinus, named after him the maxillary sinus. In connection with this kind of eponymous terms, it is necessary to take into account the following: for a long time, many anatomical formations were called by the names of scientists. In the International Parisian Anatomical Nomenclature approved in 1955, all eponyms (names of authors) were removed and replaced by informative terms indicating the main morphological features of the corresponding formation. For example, instead of the eponym "Bartholin's gland", the term glandula vestibularis major was introduced, instead of "Cooper's gland" - glandula bulbourethralis, instead of "virzung duct" - ductus pancreaticus major, instead of "maxillary sinus" - sinus maxiliaris, etc.

In clinical and pathological terminology, the same eponyms that were eliminated from the anatomical nomenclature continue to be traditionally used as generating stems. For example: botallitis (botallitis) - a form of endocarditis with localization in the arterial duct; highmoritis (sinusitis) - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus; virsungoduodenostomia (virzungoduodenostomy) - a surgical operation of anastomosis between the pancreatic duct and the duodenum; couperitis (couperitis) - inflammation of the bulbourethral glands.

Lecture No. 7. Frequency term elements of Greek-Latin origin. Articulation of terms

Partitioned are words, at least one part of which is repeated in any other words that are correlated with the data by meaning. Articulation of different words may be complete or incomplete. Those derivatives are fully segmented, all the constituent parts of which (individual morphemes or a block of morphemes) are repeated in other derivatives. If not every significant part is found in other modern medical terms, then the derivative has incomplete articulation. For example, the following words:

1) with full articulation: pod-algia (Greek pus, podos - "leg" algos - "pain"), neur-algia (Greek neuron - "nerve"), as well as my-algia (Greek mys, myos - "muscle"), kephal-o-metria (Greek kephalos - "head"), thorac-o-metria (Greek thorax, thorakos - "chest", "chest"), etc.;

2) with incomplete articulation: pod-agra (Greek podagra - "trap"; aching legs; from pus, podos - "leg" + agra - "capture", "attack"). If the first part is singled out, as it is found in a number of modern terms, then the second part - agra - is practically a single one. Almost all terms - derived words that arose naturally in the ancient Greek and Latin languages ​​​​or artificially created from morphemes and generating bases of these languages, are completely segmentable. This means that they are also fully motivated in the modern terminology.

The remarkable property of complete articulation becomes even more important for those who master the basics of medical terminology due to the fact that a significant number of morphemes and blocks of morphemes are frequent.

Frequency one should count those morphemes and blocks that are repeated in different words at least two or three times. It is clear that the greater the degree of frequency, that is, the greater the number of uses, parts of derivatives have, the more significant their role in terminology. Some high-frequency morphemes and blocks are involved in the formation of dozens of terms. Many morphemes of the ancient Greek and Latin languages ​​acquired specific, sometimes new, meanings that were previously unusual for them in the ancient source language. Such values ​​are called terminological. So, for example, the Greek word kytos (vessel, cavity) in the Latinized form cytus began to be used as a regular root morpheme in the structure of dozens of terms - derived words - in the meaning of "cell". The suffix of ancient Greek adjectives -itis, which gave them the general meaning of "related, belonging", became a regular part of terms - nouns with the meaning "inflammation".

term element

Any part of a derived word (morpheme, block of morphemes) that is regularly reproduced in finished form when using existing or creating new terms and retaining a certain meaning assigned to it in the terminology is called term element. A term element is a component regularly repeated in a series of terms, to which a specialized meaning is assigned. At the same time, it does not matter in principle in the form of which transcription, Latin or Russian, the same international term element of Greek-Latin origin appears: infra- - infra-; -tomia - -tomia; nephro- - nephro-, etc. For example: the term cardiologia - the science of diseases of the cardiovascular system consists of the initial term cardio - heart and the final -logia - science, branch of knowledge.

The division of a term-word into term elements does not always coincide with its division into morphemes, since some term elements represent a whole block - a combination of two or three morphemes in one whole: prefix + root, root + suffix, prefix + root + suffix. In such a regular formal and semantic fusion, these blocks of morphemes are distinguished in a number of derivatives of the same type, for example, in terms of astheno-spermia - astheno-o-sperm, asthen-opia - asthen-opium, asthen-odepressivus - astheno-o-depressive, asthen- isatio - asthenization, the block term element asthen(o)- (asthen(o)-), from the Greek. asthenes - "weak": negative prefix a- - "not, without" + sthenos - "strength". High-frequency term elements tom-ia (-tomy) (Greek tome - "cut"), rhaph-ia (-raffia) (Greek rhaphe - "seam"), log-ia (-logia) (Greek logos - "science ") - the final parts of the derivatives - are two-morphemic in their composition: the root + the suffix -ia, which gives the words the general meaning of "action, phenomenon". The high-frequency term element -ectomia (-ectomy) - the final part of the derivatives - consists of three ancient Greek morphemes: the prefix eu- + the root -tome- - "cut" + the suffix -ia - "cutting", "removal".

Term elements of Greek-Latin origin constitute the international "golden fund" of biological and medical terminology.

With the help of frequency term elements, numerous series of terms of the same type in structure and semantics (meaning) are formed. Interacting with each other, the term elements all together form a complex formal semantic term system, which remains open for the inclusion of new term elements and new series of terms, and in which each term element is assigned a specific place and meaning.

Free and related term elements

Many components of compound word-terms used in source languages ​​(Greek and Latin) as independent words, have not retained their free status in modern terminology. For example, the independent words of the ancient Greek language iatreia (healing), paideia (education, education), kardia (heart), penia (poverty), philia (love, inclination), ialia (speech) are used only as term elements in the structure of derivatives (psychiatry, thrombopenia, tachycardia, orthopedics, spasmophilia, etc.). These and similar terminological elements that exist in modern terms only in a connected form, that is, in combination with other morphemes, can be called bound. At the same time, there are term elements, for example, sclerosis (sclerosis and cardiosclerosis), stasis (stasis and hemostasis), paresis (paresis and hemiparesis), ptosis (ptosis and nephroptosis), lat. flexio (inflection and lateroflexion), etc., which are used not only in the structure of derivatives, but also as independent words. it free term elements.

A huge number of medical terms are formed by adding bases, combined with suffixation. In this case, the suffix of Greek origin -ia is used more often than others. For example, haemorrhagia in ancient Greek is produced by combining two stems: haem - "blood" + rhagos - "broken, torn" + suffix -ia.

Many frequency term elements in -ia in ancient source languages ​​were used in the same way as in modern terminology, only in complex suffixal derivatives. It is impossible, for example, to find independent words rhagia, pathia, thiermia, etc. in the dictionary of the ancient Greek language. In ancient Greek, there were only root words rhage - "gap" (from the verb rhegnymi - "break through, tear"), therme - "heat, warmth", pathos - "experience, suffering, illness". Participating in the formation of compound words, they were combined with other morphemes and the suffix -ia. This is the origin of most terminological elements in -ia, used only in a related form. These include, in particular, -tonia (Greek tonos - "tension" + ia), -graphia (Greek grapho - "write, depict" + -ia) and many others.

As an exception, we can note the transition of some related terminological elements that were not used as independent words in the source language to the category of free ones. For example, -phobia (Greek phobos - "fear, fear" + -ia) and -ectomia (Greek ektome - "cutting, removal" + -ia) began to be used in modern terminology as independent words: phobia, ectomy.

Greco-Latin doublets

The division of term elements into bound and free should be constantly taken into account. For example, when comparing anatomical values ​​in normal anatomy, on the one hand, with similar values ​​in pathological anatomy and in a complex of clinical disciplines, on the other hand, the following pattern is revealed: the same organ is designated in two ways - different not only in their linguistic origin, but also in grammatical decoration with signs. In the nomenclature of normal anatomy, this is an independent and usually Latin word, and in pathological anatomy, a related term element of Greek origin. Much less often in both disciplines is the same name borrowed from the same source language, for example, the Greek hepar, oesophagus, pharynx, larynx, urethra, thorax, ureter, encephalon and Latin appendix, tonsilla and others that were used even in ancient medicine, as well as complex suffixal derivatives on -turn, created in modern times; for example, myocardium, endothelium, perimetrium, etc. These words are included as free term elements in the structure of compound words in clinical terminology: hepatomegaly, endothelioma, encephalopathy, myocardiopathy, appendectomy. In the anatomical nomenclature, there are designations of the same formation both as an independent Latin root word and as a Greek component as part of a derivative; for example, chin - lat. mentum, but "chin-lingual" - genioglossus (Greek geneion - "chin"); language - lat. lingua, but "sublingual" - hypoglossus; "lingo-pharyngeal" - glossopharyngeus (Greek glossa - "tongue"), etc.

Latin and Greek designations of anatomical structures that have exactly the same meaning are called Greek-Latin doublet designations (or doublets). We can formulate the following fundamental position: as a rule, Greek-Latin doublets are used to designate most anatomical formations (organs, body parts), and in the anatomical nomenclature - mainly Latin words, in clinical terminology - related term elements of Greek origin.

This application is shown in the following table.

Scope of doublets

There are deviations from this position. So, for example, the vagina is indicated by doublets: lat. vagina and Greek. colpio-, in clinical terminology, both are found as term elements (colpitis and vaginitis - inflammation of the vagina); the same is noted for the doublets of Lat. vas- and Greek. angi(o)-, lat. and Greek nephro-, lat. rectum- and Greek. procto-. In radiological terms, this may be due to the fact that in radiology an organ as such (including a healthy one) is examined. Perhaps that is why in radiology the term mammography is preferred rather than mastography, although in the terminology of diseases the Greek roast(o)- is used - referring to the breast, mammary gland. Some anatomical native Latin names do not have a Greek equivalent and therefore prevail in all terminological areas: for example, lat. ventricilus meaning "ventricle"; duodenum (medieval artificial word) - "duodenum"; appendix - "appendix"; sinus - "sinus, sinus"; plexus - "plexus"; jejunum - "jejunum".

Term elements of Greek-Latin origin are international. In Russian, they are almost never used as independent names. In this function, the Russian word is identical in meaning to them. Therefore, in Russian, uses such as eyes are common, but ophthalmology, ophthalmoplegia, ophthalmoscope; skin, but dermatology, dermatitis, dermatosis, dermoid; stomach, but gastrotomy, gastritis, gastroscope, etc. Only a few term elements in Russian can be used simultaneously as borrowed independent words; for example, aorta, bronchus, pleura; aortitis, aortography, bronchitis, bronchoectasia, pleurisy, etc. A similar attitude, in principle, is also observed in Western European languages.

Meaning and place of term elements in the structure of a derivative word

Term elements are mostly unambiguous, but some of them have two or more meanings. So, for example, the term element onco- (Greek onkos - "heap, mass, volume, swelling") in some compound words has the meaning "volume, mass" (oncogramma - oncogram - a curve reflecting changes in volume; oncometria - oncometry - measurement of volume tissue or organ), in others - "tumor" (oncogenesis - oncogenesis - the process of occurrence and development of a tumor; oncologist - a doctor, a specialist in the treatment and prevention of tumors, etc.).

The final component -lysis (Greek "unleashing, decomposition, dissolution"; luo - "I untie, free") in some compound words means "decomposition, decay, dissolution" (autolysis, karyolysis, hemolysis, etc.), in others - "a surgical operation to release adhesions, adhesions" (cardiolysis, pneumo(no) lysis, etc.).

Usually, the place of a motivating single-root stem in the structure of words does not affect its meaning: whether it is megalo- or -megalia (increase), gnatho- or -gnathia (jaw), blepharo- or -blepharia (eyelid), the meaning of the term elements will remain unambiguous.

Some terminological elements, like the above, can act both as the first and final ones. Others may occupy only one permanent place, for example as final (-cele, -clasia, -lepsia, -peaia), some may only be the first components (auto-, brady-, bary-, laparo-).

NB!

1. It should be borne in mind that, depending both on the specific meaning of another component participating in the addition, and on the place it occupies in the compound word, some shades may arise that affect the general meaning of the motivated word. Thus, the cognate terminological elements haemo-, haemato- and -aemia have the general meaning of "pertaining to blood". At the same time, the final term element -aemia, which is preceded by the designation of a substance, indicates the blood as a medium in which substances are found, the presence and concentration of which in this medium are pathological (azotaemia, uraemia, bacteriaemia, etc.). If the term elements haemo- or haemato- are combined with the designation of an organ, then the general meaning of the compound word is the accumulation of blood in the cavity of the organ, hemorrhage (haematomyelia - hemorrhage into the substance of the spinal cord, haemarthrosis - accumulation of blood in the joint cavity).

2. For a logical understanding of the general meaning of a derived word, it is advisable to begin the semantic analysis of its constituent term elements with the final term element. For example, gastro/entero-logia: logia - “the science of...”: gastro- - “stomach”, entera- - “intestines”.

3. The general meaning of a motivated word is always somewhat more voluminous, fuller, deeper than a simple addition of the meanings of the motivating components: for example, gastrojejunoplastica (Greek gaster - "stomach" + Latin jejunum - "jejunum" + plastike - "formation, plasticity") - surgical replacement of the stomach with a segment of the jejunum.

Formal language types of clinical terms. Term elements in the structure of clinical terms

Formal language types of clinical terms are different.

1. Unmotivated simple words:

1) simple root words of Latin or ancient Greek origin: for example, stupor - stupor (numbness), tremor - tremor (trembling), thrombus - blood clot (blood clot), aphthae - aphthae (rashes);

2) simple derivatives (in the source language) - prefix and affix: for example, insultus (lat. insulto - "to attack") - stroke, infarctus (lat. infarcio - "stuff, stuff") - heart attack, aneurysma (Greek aneuryno - "expand") - aneurysm. The above simple root and simple derivative words and many other clinical terms similar to them turn out to be indivisible within the framework of modern terminology and, therefore, unmotivated. Most often they are not translated, but borrowed, transcribed by means of national languages ​​(Russian, English, etc.) and are internationalisms.

2. Terms-phrases. Nominal phrases occupy a significant place in clinical terminology. For their education, no special knowledge is required, except for grammatical. In each phrase, the core word is the word being defined - the noun in it. p. units or many h. Usually this is a generic term, that is, the name of a higher, more general concept in the classification. Defining words are most often represented by adjectives. Their role is to clarify in a certain respect the generic (general) concept: for example, pneumonia adenoviralis - adenovirus pneumonia, p. apicalis - apical pneumonia, p. haefflorrhagica - hemorrhagic pneumonia, etc.

The most common meaning of defining words is the localization of the lesion: abscessus appendicis, ab. femoris, ab. parietis arteriae, ab. mesenterii, ab. poliicis, ab. bronchi, ab. peritonealis; ulcus pharyngis, etc. d.

Some internationalism phrases are included in the text in national languages ​​traditionally in Latin grammatical form and transcription, for example, genu valgum (curved knee inside), situs viscerum inversus (perverted position of the insides), genu varum (curved knee outward), etc.

3. Fully segmentable motivated terms-words. Among the formal linguistic types of clinical terms, they are of the greatest interest in teaching the basics of medical terminology. Greek or, more rarely, Latin term elements with anatomical meaning act as the first motivating stems in compound words. The final components carry the main semantic load, perform (like suffixes) a classifying function. Some of them correlate this concept with a certain group, a class of pathological phenomena (signs, conditions, diseases, processes), others with surgical operations or diagnostic techniques, etc. For example, terms with the initial term cardio- (Greek kardia - "heart"): cardiosclerosis, cardioneurosis, cardiomegalia, cardiolysis, cardiotomia, cardiographia, cardiotachometria, cardiovolumometria.

The names of many medical devices and instruments are similarly formed. An additional term element with a physical-technical, physiological or biophysical meaning is introduced into these names: for example, the term element rheo- (“flow, flow”), related to electricity: rheo - cardiograph, etc.

Lecture number 8. Ways of word formation

The main ways of word formation are affix and non-affix.

К affixal include ways of forming derivatives by attaching word-building affixes (prefixes, suffixes) to generating bases.

Without affix methods are used primarily for the formation of compound words.

complex is a word consisting of more than one generating stem. A compound word is formed by the method of basic construction.

A word in the structure of which there is only one generating stem is called simple: for example, costoarticularis is a compound word, a costalis and articularis are simple words.

There are also mixed word-formation methods: prefixation + suffixation, addition + suffixation, the method of creating complex abbreviated words, etc.

1. Suffix

suffixation is called the attachment of a suffix to a generating (motivating) stem. The derivative obtained in this way is called suffixal. Suffixes perform an important classifying function.

Thanks to them, words correlate with the corresponding classes of concepts: for example, all nouns with the suffixes -ul-(-cul-), -ol belong to the class of so-called deminatives - words with a diminutive meaning (lobulus - "slice", tuberculum - "tubercle" , foveola - "dimple").

Verbal (derived from the stem of the verb) nouns with the suffix -io express the general categorical meaning "process", "action" (flexio - "bending", rotatio - "rotation", curatio - "treatment"). A verbal noun with the suffix -or has a common categorical meaning "a tool, an instrument that performs an action" or "a person performing an action" (m. flexor - flexor muscle, i.e. rotator - rotator muscle, prosector - dissector - "one who dissects ": the person performing the autopsy).

It is difficult to overestimate the classifying function of the term element-suffix, which correlates words with a certain terminological concept. So, all nouns with the suffix -itis express the general terminological concept "inflammatory disease, inflammation".

The suffix always exists only in a bound form, that is, as part of a derivative. For example, the suffix -itis only in combination with a generating stem acquires the above meaning, while the Latin inflammatio is an independent word meaning "inflammation".

When suffixing, the bases of different parts of speech - nouns, verbs, adjectives - are used as generators. Certain suffixes are combined with the stems of certain parts of speech.

NB!

1. The attachment of a suffix starting with a consonant to the root of a word usually occurs with the help of the connecting vowel -i-, as a rule in Latin words, and -o- - in words of Greek origin: for example, lat. cruc-i-formis - "cruciform", tuberos-i-tas - "tuberosity"; Greek bronch-o-genus - "bronchogenic".

2. When forming adjectives, the suffix is ​​attached to the stem of the noun, determined from the gender form. p. units hours: thotax, acis - thotrac-ic-us; cartilage, inis-cartilagin-e-us.

3. As a rule, the generating stem and the suffix belong to the same language - either Latin or Greek. However, there are many specially "invented" hybrid words in the terminology, especially among adjectives: for example, brachi-al-is, acromi-al-is, pyramid-al-is, petr-os-us, arteri-os-us, where the basics of Greek , and suffixes of Latin origin. There are adjectives whose structure includes both Greek and Latin suffixes.

2. Frequency Latin and Greek suffixes

I.

Deminutives - nouns with a common derivational meaning "diminutive".

NB!

A motivated diminutive noun (deminitive) retains the gender of the motivating word from which it is derived. These motivated words are inclined only according to the I or II declension, regardless of which declension the motivating word belongs to: for example, nodus, -i (m); nodulus; vas, vasis (n) vasculum.

1. Some artificially formed terms do not have a diminutive meaning; these are the designations of the stages of embryonic development: gastrula, blastula, morula, organella.

2. The nouns macula (spot), acetabulum (acetabulum) and some others also do not have a diminutive meaning.

II.

Nouns with the general derivational meaning "action, process".

1. Nouns of this very productive derivational type denote operations, examination methods, physiological functions, treatments, theoretical concepts in various disciplines: for example, auscultatio - auscultation, listening; percussio - percussion, tapping; palpatio - palpation, feeling. All three terms refer to methods for examining internal organs. There are derivatives in -io, denoting not only an action, a process, but also the result of this action, for example, decussatio - a cross (formation in the form of X); impresso - impression; terminatio - ending, end.

2. Among artificially formed words in -io, some do not come from a verb, but from a nominal stem, for example decapsul-atio - decapsulation, surgical removal of the shell of an organ; hepat-isatio - hepatization, compaction of lung tissue.

3. Nouns with a general derivational meaning "an object (organ, instrument, device) by which an action is performed; a person carrying out an activity."

4. Nouns with a common derivational meaning "result of action".

Adjective suffixes

I.

Adjectives with a general word-formation meaning “characterized or rich in a feature indicated by the generating stem”.

II.

Adjectives with a general word-formation meaning “belonging to or relating to what is called the generating base”.

1. If the generative stem ends in -l or -r, then the suffix -al-(-ar-) is dissimilated, for example: vertebralis, clavicularis.

2. Most often, the suffix -ё -us of Greek origin is added to the stem of a Greek noun, and the Latin suffix -ё -us is added to the stem of a Latin noun, usually meaning "characterized by a feature" or "consisting of what is called the base": oss- e-us - bone, cartliagin-e-us - cartilage.

3. A number of adjectives with the suffix -al-(-ar-) have a non-standard general meaning "similar": circularis - circular, reticularis - mesh, pyramidalis - pyramidal.

III.

Adjectives with a general word-formation meaning “similar to what is called the stem of the word”.

Most adjectives of this type were artificially created in the XNUMXth century. anatomists. Some of them, like m. arytaenoidcus (arytenoid muscle), m. mastoideus (mastoid muscle), m. pterygoideus (pterygoid muscle), are not at all like the objects called motivating bases. The same "contradiction" marks the term vena mastoidea (mastoid vein), since it does not look like a nipple, its name is explained by the fact that it refers to the processus mastoideus (mastoid process). The term venae sigmoldeae has a similar explanation. The veins referred to by this term are not at all similar to the Greek letter sigma, but they refer to the colon sigmoideum (sigmoid colon).

IV.

Adjectives with a general derivational meaning "carrying what is called the generating basis".

V.

Adjectives with a general derivational meaning:

1) "generating, producing, causing what is called the basis" (active meaning);

2) "generated, caused, conditioned by what is called the basis" (passive sense).

3. Foundation

If there are two or more generating bases, then the derivative is a compound word. Addition is the most productive way of forming terms of Greek-Latin origin. Compound words can be formed in two ways: pure addition or addition combined with suffixation. With pure addition, the latter - the supporting part - is represented by an independent word. It is called a support because it introduces it into a certain grammatical class (nouns or adjectives), forms a word in a grammatical sense. For example: glossopharyngeus: 1st component of the addition glosso- + 2nd, supporting, component pharyngeus (adjective of the 1st group); rhinencephalon: 1st component rhin- + 2nd, supporting, encephaion (II declension noun of Greek origin in -on).

Among ancient Latin words, compound words are rare, for example: orificium - hole (os, oris - "hole" + associated root from facio, -ere - "to make"); homicida - murderer (homo + related root from caedo, -ere "to kill").

In the modern anatomical nomenclature, there are very few compound words derived from the bases of primordially Latin origin. These are artificial formations created in post-antique times: for example, lymphonodus - a lymph node, fibrocartilago - fibrous cartilage, corticopontinus - cortical bridge.

There are many hybrids among artificial additions: one of the components is of Latin origin, the other is of Greek origin: for example, neocortex (Greek neos - "new" + Latin cortex - "bark") - new bark; myoseptum (Greek mys, myos - "muscle" + Latin septum - "partition") - muscular septum.

There are a lot of complex nouns among the anatomical names of the unit, there are a lot of complex adjectives, while the generating stems can be monolingual - either only Latin, or only Greek: for example, lat. tibiona-vicularis, septomarginalis; Greek pterygopharyngeus, thoracoacromialis. At the same time, there is a significant number of hybrid structures: musculoperoneas, zygomaticofnrotalis, etc.

Some features of the foundation

1. As the most common derivational tool, with the help of which two or more generating bases are combined into a single word, it is used interfix, or connecting vowel. In medical terminology, the most common interfix is ​​-o-, less often -i- is used. In the original words of the ancient Greek language, only the interfix -o- is used, Latin - -i-: for example, lat. aur-i-scalpium (auris - "ear" + scalpo - "scrape, cut") - ear cleaning; viv-i-ficatio (vivus - "live" + facio - "to do") - revival.

However, in artificial neologisms, this linguistic regularity has ceased to be observed. Regardless of origin, the interfix -o- is used (neur-o-cranium, cary-o-lysis, lept-o-meniux, lat. aurepalpebraiis, lat. nasolacrimal, etc.). The first addition components are usually indicated in dictionaries and reference books along with the interfix: thoraco-, spondylo-. Interfixless connection of components usually takes place, although not always, if the first component ends with a vowel or the second component begins with a vowel: for example, the term elements brady- (Greek bradys - "slow"): brady-cardia; brachy- (Greek brachys - "short"): brachy-dactylia; rhin- (Greek rhis, rhinos "nose"): rhin-encephalon.

2. Variation of the generating basis. In Latin and Greek, there are nouns and adjectives (III declension), in which the stems of word forms of the nominative and genitive cases differ: for example, cortex, cortic-is; Greek som-a, somat-os - "body"; Greek meg-as, megal-u - "big"; Greek pan, pant-os - "everything", etc. The basis of the genitive case acts as the generating basis of Latin words: pariet-o-graphia, cortic-o-visceralis; in Greek words, the stem of the genitive case also more often turns out to be the stem. At the same time, sometimes the generating stem appears in a variant form - either nominative or genitive, for example: pan-, pant - "everything" (pan-demia, pant-o-phobia), mega- - "big" (megacolon, megal -o-biastus).

There are also three-variant forms of the same term element: initial - haemo-, haemato-, final -aemia with the general meaning "related to blood" (haemo-globinum, haemato-logia, an-aemia).

3. Phonetic-graphic variation of the bases. Some Greek foundations experienced varying degrees romanization. In some cases, the pronunciation was preserved, close to the Greek language, in others there was a convergence with the norm of the Latin language. As a result, the same morpheme can be spelled differently: Gr. cheir - "hand" - cheir and chir; Greek koinos - "general", "joint" - coenosis, koino-. Various transcriptions of the Greek word neuron are used - "nerve" in Russian terms: neurology, but neurosurgery; neuritis (axon) and neuritis (inflammation of the nerve).

4. Prefix

Prefix, i.e., attaching a prefix morpheme (prefix) to the root does not change its meaning, but only adds to this value a certain component indicating localization (above, below, front, back), direction (approach, distance), flow in time (before something, after something), the absence or denial of something.

Prefixes developed mainly from prepositions, so their direct meanings coincide with the meanings of the corresponding prepositions.

Some consoles based on direct values ​​developed secondary, Portable. So, the Greek preposition-prefix para- (“near, near”) developed a figurative meaning “retreat, deviation from something, inconsistency of external manifestations of the essence of this phenomenon”: for example, para-nasalis - paranasal, but para-mnesia (Greek mnesis - "memory") - paramnesia - the general name for distortions of memories and deceptions of memory; paratyphus - paratyphoid - the general name of human infectious diseases caused by certain bacteria of the genus Salmonella, characterized by some clinical manifestations similar to those of typhoid fever.

In descriptive names used in morphological disciplines, prefix term elements have a direct meaning. In terms expressing the concepts of pathological conditions, diseases, impaired functions of organs, and the like, prefix term elements are often used with secondary meanings.

In various subsystems of medical terminology and in biology, Greek and Latin prefixes are extremely widely used. At the same time, Latin prefixes predominate in the anatomical nomenclature, and prefixes of Greek origin prefixes in the terminology of pathological anatomy, physiology, and clinical disciplines.

As a rule, Latin prefixes are attached to Latin roots, Greek - to Greek roots. However, there are exceptions, the so-called hybrids, for example, in the words epi-fascialis - suprafascial, endo-cervicalis - intracervical prefixes are Greek, and the producing stems are Latin. When prefixing, the whole word acts as a generating basis: intra-articularis - intra-articular.

Antonymous prefixes. An important role in the functioning of medical terms is played by antonymous prefixes, i.e. those whose meanings are opposite: for example, Lat. intra- - “inside” and extra- - “outside”, “outside”, etc.

Latin-Greek doublet prefixes. The meanings of a number of Latin prefixes coincide with the meanings of certain Greek prefixes or are very close to them:

lat. media- - Greek. meso- "in the middle", "between".

When prefixes are attached to the stems, changes in the prefix may occur under the influence of the initial sound of the stem. This is mainly manifested in assimilation (lat. assimilalio - "similarity", "similarity"): the final consonant in the prefix is ​​fully or partially likened to the initial sound of the producing stem. Some Latin prefixes may have elision, that is, the loss of a final consonant. In the Greek prefixes ana-, dia-, cafa-, meta-, para-, and-, epi-, apo-, hypo-, meso-, elision is manifested in the disappearance of the final vowel before the initial vowel of the stem. This eliminates the possible gaping (vowel with vowel).

5. Prefix-suffix derivatives

Words formed by the simultaneous addition of a prefix and a suffix to the root (base) are called prefix-suffix derivatives. Thus, in ancient Greek terminology, the terms hypo-gastr-ium (Greek hypogastrion) - the lower part of the abdomen, mes-enter-ium (Greek mesenterion) - the mesentery, arose. Subsequently, the terms mesogastrium, epigastrium and the names of all mesentery (mesometrium, mesovarium, etc.) were formed according to the same model. In the same way, perichondrium, periodontium, paracolpium, endocardium, pericardium, epineurium, etc. arose. First, the term epithelium was created to refer to the thin skin above the breast nipple (Greek thele - "nipple"), then the meaning of the term expanded and according to its model the terms mesothelium, endothelium were created.

Compound words

1. If one or more generating stems are not entirely part of the derived stem, but in a shortened form, such a word is called compound abbreviated. So, if the first component is derived from the stem of an adjective, which contains the suffixes -(o)ld-, -al(-ar-), -os-, -ic-, then the generating stem is usually shortened to this suffix. The shortened stem matches the root of the corresponding noun. Many derivatives are formed with the root morpheme thyr (e) o (Greek thyreos - "shield"), cut off from the stem of the adjective thyr (e) oideus, which is part of the motivating phrases glandula thyr (e) oidea - thyroid gland or cartilago thyr (e) )oidea - thyroid cartilage: for example, thyreotropus - thyrotropic - acting on the thyroid gland; thyreotomia - thyrotomy - dissection of the thyroid cartilage; thyreotoxicosis - thyrotoxicosis.

2. If the motivating word is complex, then one of the root morphemes can be omitted. Thus, in terms of pathology, functional disorders of the blood, the root morpheme cyt(us) is usually omitted: for example, leucocytus, but leucopenia (instead of the more complete leucocytopenia).

Lecture number 9. Verb. Imperative, subjunctive, indefinite form. accusative, ablative

Recipe (receptum - "taken" from recipio, -ere - "take", "take") - this is a written prescription from a doctor to a pharmacist, drawn up in a certain form, about the manufacture, issuance and method of taking a medicine. The importance of the correct spelling of recipes is indisputable, for which it is necessary to have some grammatical knowledge about verbs, the imperative and subjunctive moods, the accusative case, the ablative and prepositions.

In the recipe, the verb is used only in the present tense (praesens) in the passive (passivum) and active (activum) forms, as well as in the following moods: indicative (indicativus), imperative (imperativus) and subjunctive (conjunctivus). Only the last two are used in recipes.

Latin verbs are conjugated, that is, they change in person, number, tense, and mood.

1. Four conjugations of verbs

Depending on the nature of the stem - the final sound of the stem - verbs are divided into four conjugations.

NB!

In conjugations I, II, IV, the stems end in a vowel, and in III - most often in a consonant.

Infinitive - indefinite form. In order to correctly identify the stem and determine by its final sound which of the four conjugations this or that verb belongs to, it is necessary to remember the infinitive of this verb. The infinitive is the original form of the verb; it does not change in persons, numbers, and moods. The sign of the infinitive in all conjugations is the ending -re. In I, II and IV conjugations, it is attached directly to the stem, and in III - through the connecting vowel -e-.

Samples of the infinitive of verbs I-IV conjugations

In II and III conjugations, the vowel [e] differs not only in brevity or longitude: in II conjugation it is the final sound of the stem, and in III it is a connecting vowel between the stem and the ending.

The stem of the verb is practically determined from the infinitive form by separating the ending -re from the verbs of I, II, IV conjugations and -ere from the verbs of the III conjugation.

Unlike the usual complete dictionaries of the Latin language, in educational dictionaries for medical students, the verb is given in an abbreviated dictionary form: the full form of the 1st person singular. the present tense of the indicative mood of the active voice (ending -o), then the infinitive ending -re is indicated along with the preceding vowel, i.e. the last three letters of the infinitive. At the end of the dictionary form, the conjugation is marked with a number, for example:

Imperative mood

In prescriptions, a doctor's request to a pharmacist about the preparation of a medicine has the character of an order, an inducement to a certain action. This meaning of the verb is expressed in the imperative or subjunctive mood.

As in Russian, the order is addressed to the 2nd person. Only the 2nd person singular form of the imperative is used in the recipe. This form completely coincides with the stem for verbs of I, II and IV conjugations, for verbs of III conjugation, -e is added to the stem. In practice, to form an imperative, one must discard the infinitive ending -re for verbs of all conjugations, for example:

Imperative mood in the form of the 2nd person plural. h. is formed by adding the ending -te: for verbs of I, II, IV conjugations - directly to the stem, for verbs of III conjugation - with the help of the connecting vowel -i-(-ite).

Subjunctive mood

Meaning. The recipe uses only one of the many meanings of the Latin subjunctive mood - an order, a call to action. In Russian, conjunctive forms with this meaning are translated by a verb in combination with the word let or an indefinite form of the verb, for example: let it be mixed or mixed.

Education. The conjunctiva is formed by changing the stem: in conjugation I, -a is replaced by -e, in II, III and IV, -a is added to the stem. Personal endings of verbs are added to the modified stem.

Formation of the basis of the conjunctiva

Latin verbs, like Russian ones, have 3 persons; in medical terminology, only the 3rd person is used. Personal endings of verbs in the 3rd person are shown in the table.

Examples of verb conjugation in the active and passive conjunctive.

The verb fio, fieri in prescription formulations

If the prescription contains several ingredients that must be given some specific dosage form, the doctor turns to the pharmacist with the standard wording: "Mix to get (ointment, emulsion, etc.)". In each such formulation, the verb fio is used in the subjunctive form, fieri - "to be obtained", "to be formed".

The verb is incorrect: it has only a passive meaning, and endings have only an active voice. The conjunctiva is formed by adding the suffix -a- to the stem fi-: 3rd person singular. h. - fiat, 3rd person pl. hours - fiant. These forms are used in the clauses of purpose with the conjunction ut (to), beginning with the verb misce. Usually the conjunction ut is omitted but implied.

Prescription formulation model with the verb fio, fieri - "obtain", "form": misce (ut) fiat + the name of the dosage form in Nom. sing. Misce, ut fiat pulvis. - Mix to make a powder.

The verb itself and the name of the dosage form are put in units. hours when prescribing powders, ointments, pastes, liniments, emulsions, suppositories and many others. h. - when issuing fees. The word species, -erum (f) in the meaning of "collection", referring to the V declension, is used only in plural. h.

Prescription formulations with the verb fio, fieri.

Singularis:

Misce, fiat pulvis. - Mix to make a powder.

Misce, fiat unguentum. - Mix, let it turn out ointment.

2. Accusative

For competent writing of recipes, it is necessary to learn the endings of two cases - the accusative and the so-called ablative - in five declensions of nouns and adjectives of I, II and III declensions. Accusativus (vin. p.) is the case of the direct object; as in Russian, answers the questions "whom?" So what?" For convenience, the endings of this case are first remembered separately, which have neuter nouns and adjectives, and then the endings of masculine and feminine nouns and adjectives.

Middle rules. All neuter nouns and adjectives, regardless of their declension, obey the following rules.

1. End Ass. sing. coincides with the end of Nom. sing. given word: for example, linimentum compositum, semen dulce.

2. End Ass. pl. coincides with the end of Nom. pl. and regardless of the declension, always -a (-ia): for example, linimenta composita, semina dulcia.

Only nouns have the ending -ia cf. R. on -e, -al, -ar (III declension) and all adjectives of the 2nd group (III declension).

Male and female. Masculine and feminine nouns and adjectives in Ass. sing. have a common final element -m, and in Asc. pl. -s; they are preceded by certain vowels depending on the declension.

Ending -im in Asc. sing. accept Greek nouns with -sis of the type dosis, is (f) and some Latin nouns: pertussis, is (f).

3. Ablative (Ablativus)

Ablativus is the case corresponding to the Russian instrumental; answers the questions "by whom?", "what?". In addition, it performs the functions of some other cases.

Ablative endings are shown in the table

Ending -i in Abl. sing. accept:

1) nouns in -e, -al, -ar;

2) adjectives of the 2nd group;

3) equisyllabic nouns of Greek origin with -sis of the dosis type.

4. Prepositions

All prepositions in Latin are used with only two cases: accusative and ablative. The management of prepositions in Russian does not coincide with Latin. Therefore, it is necessary to remember in which case the word should be put, depending on one or another preposition. Each preposition is used with a specific case.

1. Prepositions used with the accusative case

2. Prepositions used with the ablative

3. Prepositions used either with the accusative or with the ablative.

The prepositions in - in, on and sub - under govern two cases, depending on the question posed. Questions "where?", "What?" require the accusative case, the questions "where?", "in what?" - ablative.

Examples of the use of prepositions with double control

Lecture No. 10. Pharmaceutical terminology and prescription. Some general pharmaceutical terms

Pharmaceutical terminology - this is a complex consisting of a set of terms from a number of special disciplines, united under the general name "pharmacy" (Greek pharmakeia - the creation and use of drugs), which study the discovery, production, use of medicines of plant, mineral, animal and synthetic origin. The central place in this terminological complex is occupied by the nomenclature of medicines - an extensive set of names of medicinal substances and preparations officially approved for use. The pharmaceutical market uses tens and hundreds of thousands of names of medicines. The total number of medicines and their combinations available in different countries exceeds 250. Every year, the pharmacy chain receives new and new medicines.

In order to have an idea of ​​how drug names are created, which affects the choice of certain word formation methods and structural types of names, it is necessary to familiarize yourself at least in the most general terms with some general pharmaceutical terms.

1. Medicinal product (medicamentum) - a substance or mixture of substances permitted by the authorized body of the relevant country in the prescribed manner for use for the purpose of treating, preventing or diagnosing a disease.

2. Medicinal substance (materia medica) - a medicinal product, which is an individual chemical compound or biological substance.

3. Medicinal plant materials - plant materials approved for medical use.

4. Dosage form (forma medicamentorum) - a condition convenient for use that is attached to a medicinal product or medicinal plant material, in which the desired therapeutic effect is achieved.

5. Medicinal product (praeparatum pharmaceuticum) - a drug in the form of a specific dosage form.

6. Active substance - a component (s) of a medicinal product that has (s) a therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic effect.

7. Combined medicines - medicines containing in one dosage form more than one active ingredient in fixed doses.

The table below illustrates some of these concepts.

Medications

1. Trivial names of medicinal substances

Some chemical compounds used as medicinal substances retain the same traditional semi-systematic names, which they received in the chemical nomenclature (salicylic acid, sodium chloride). However, in a much larger volume in the nomenclature of medicines, chemical compounds are presented not under their scientific (systematic) names, but under trivial (lat. trivialis - "ordinary") names. Trivial names do not reflect any unified principles of scientific classification adopted by chemists, do not indicate the composition or structure. In this respect, they are completely inferior to systematic names. However, the latter are unsuitable as names of medicinal substances due to their bulkiness and complexity for use in prescriptions, on labels, and in the pharmacy trade.

Trivial names are short, convenient, accessible not only for professional, but also for ordinary communication.

Examples of trivial names

Ways of word formation of trivial names

Trivial drug names are derivatives of various word-formation structures. A word or a group of words, which are often systematic names of chemical compounds or names of sources for their production, is used as a producer. The main "building" material for the formation of trivial names is words, word-forming elements, roots and simply the so-called verbal segments of ancient Greek and Latin origin. So, for example, a drug from the herb Adonis spring (Adonis vernalis) is called Adonisidum - adonizide; a substance (glycoside) obtained from some species of the digitalis plant (Digitalis) is called Digoxinum - digoxin. The name Mentholum - menthol is assigned to a substance derived from mint oil (oleum Menthae).

Abbreviation

Among the various methods of word formation used to create trivial names, the most productive is abbreviation (lat. brevis - "short") - reduction. This is a way of creating complex abbreviated words, the so-called abbreviations, by a combination of verbal segments arbitrarily selected from the corresponding producing words or phrases. As such, the systematic names of chemical compounds are often used.

Trivial name (abbreviation) producing a systematic name

With the help of abbreviation, the names of combined drugs are also formed. Instead of listing the names of all active substances contained in one dosage form, the drug is assigned compound name. It is placed in quotation marks and is an appendix to the name of the dosage form.

Name of the combination drug

Composition of active ingredients:

Tabulettae "Ancophenum" - tablets "Anhofen";

Unguentum "Efcamonum" - ointment "Efcamon".

Suffixation

By adding a suffix (most often -in-) to the producing base, as a rule, they form the names of individual substances (for example, glycosides, alkaloids, etc.) isolated from plant materials, and biological substances - waste products of fungi, microorganisms (for example, antibiotics) . The names of the corresponding plants, mushrooms are taken as generating words.

Many names are created in a mixed, abbreviation-suffix way: Theophedrinum, Aminazinum, Sulfadimezinum, Valocordinum.

Foundation

Even less often than suffixation, the addition of stems is used: for example, Cholenzyraum (chole - "bile" + enzymum - "enzyme"), Apilacum (apis - "bee" + lac - "milk").

2. General requirements and current practice of naming medicines

1. In Russia, the name of each new drug is officially approved in the form of two mutually translatable equivalents in Russian and Latin, for example: solutio Glucosi - glucose solution. As a rule, the Latin names of medicinal substances are nouns of the II declension, cf. R. The Russian name differs from the Latin only in transcription and the absence of the ending -um, for example: Amidopyrinum - amidopyrine, Validolum - validol.

Trivial names of combined drugs, which are inconsistent applications to the name of the dosage form, are also nouns of the II declension cf. R.: for example, tabulettae "Haemostimulinum" - tablets "Hemostimulin".

2. The name of medicines should be as short as possible; easy to pronounce; have a clear phonetic-graphic distinction. The last requirement is especially important in practice. Each name should be noticeably different in its sound composition and graphics (writing) from other names. After all, it is enough to memorize the sound complex at least a little inaccurately and write it incorrectly in Latin letters in the recipe for a serious mistake to occur.

A large number of drugs under the original brand names enter the domestic market. They are spelled out and grammatically most often in any national language, that is, they do not have a Latin grammatical design. Often the names do not have the ending -um completely (German) or partially (English) or the ending -um is replaced by -e (English and French), and in some languages ​​(Italian, Spanish. , Rum.) - on -a.

At the same time, firms also assign names to their drugs with the traditional Latin ending -um. In domestic prescription practice, in order to avoid discrepancies, commercial names of imported drugs should be conditionally latinized: substitute the last vowel instead of the last vowel or add the ending -um to the final consonant, for example: instead of Mexase (mexase) - Mexasum, instead of Lasix (lasix) - Lasixum, etc. .

Exceptions are allowed only for names ending in -a: Dopa, No-spa, Ambravena. They can be read and considered by analogy with the nouns of the first declension.

In modern commercial names, the traditional scientifically approved transcription of word-forming elements (word segments) of Greek origin is often neglected; their graphic simplification is cultivated; to facilitate pronunciation, ph is replaced by f, th by t, ae by e, y by i.

NB!

Studying this section of the textbook, you must be extremely careful about the spelling of the names of medicines.

3. Frequency segments in trivial names

A huge number of abbreviations, as noted, are formed by a combination of segments arbitrarily selected from the composition of generating words - systematic names. At the same time, there are many such names in the nomenclature, the sound complexes of which include repeating frequency segments - kind pharmaceutical terms.

1. Frequency segments, very conditionally and approximately reflecting information of anatomical, physiological and therapeutic nature.

For example: Corvalolum, Cardiovaienum, Valosedan, Apressinum, Angiotensinamidum, Promedolum, Sedalgin, Antipyrinum, Anaesthesinum, Testosteronum, Agovirin, Androfort, Thyrotropinum, Cholosasum, Streptocidum, Mycoseptinum, Enteroseptolum.

2. Frequency segments that carry pharmacological information. Over the past decades, the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) has become widespread to include in the trivial names of medicinal substances (namely substances!) Frequency segments that carry not a random and vague characteristic, like the above segments, but stable information of a pharmacological nature. For this purpose, it is recommended to include frequency segments in the names indicating that the medicinal substance belongs to a certain pharmacological group. To date, several dozens of such frequency segments have been recommended.

For example: Sulfadimezinum, Penicillinum, Streptomycinum, Tetracyclinum, Barbamylum, Novocainum, Corticotropinum, Oestradiolum, Methandrostenolonum.

Trivial names of vitamins and multivitamin combination medicines

Vitamins are known both under their trivial names and under letter designations, for example: Retinolum seu Vitaminum A (also known under another name - Axerophtholum); Cyanocobalaminum seu Vitaminum B₁₂; Acidum ascorbinicum seu Vitaminum C. The names of many multivitamin preparations include the frequency segment -vit- - -vit-, for example, Tabulettae "Pentovitum" (contains 5 vitamins), Dragee "Hexavitum" (contains 6 vitamins), etc.

Trivial names of enzyme preparations

Often the names contain an indication that the drug affects the enzymatic processes of the body. This is evidenced by the presence of the suffix -as- - -az-. Such names are usually latinized according to the general rule, that is, they receive the ending -um. However, there are deviations from this rule: for example, Desoxyribonucleasum (or Desoxyribcnucleasa) is a deoxyribonuclease, Collagenasum is a collagenase.

Lecture number 11. Brief information about dosage forms

Aerosolum, -i (n) - aerosol - dosage form, which is a dispersed system obtained using special packaging.

Granulum, -i(n) - granule - a solid dosage form in the form of grains, grains.

Gutta, -ae (f) - drop - a dosage form intended for internal or external use in the form of drops.

Unguentum, -i(n) - ointment - a soft dosage form having a viscous consistency; designed for outdoor use.

Linimentum, -i (n) - liniment - liquid ointment.

Pasta, -ae (f) - paste - ointment with a content of powdery substances over 20-25%.

Emplastrum, -i (n) - patch - a dosage form in the form of a plastic mass, softening at body temperature and sticking to the skin; designed for outdoor use.

Suppository, -i (n) - suppository, suppository - a dosage form that is solid at room temperature and expands or dissolves at body temperature; injected into body cavities. If administered per rectum (through the rectum), it is called a suppository. If the suppository is in the form of a ball for insertion into the vagina, then it is called globulus vaginalis - vaginal ball.

Pulvis, -eris (m) - powder - a dosage form intended for internal, external or injection (after dissolution in an appropriate solvent) use.

Tabuletta, -ae (f) - dosage form obtained by pressing medicinal substances or a mixture of medicinal and excipients; intended for internal, external or injection (after dissolution in an appropriate solvent) use.

tabuletta obducta - coated tablet - a coated tablet designed to localize the site of action, taste; persistence, improved appearance.

Dragee (French) - dragee (not folded) - a solid dosage form obtained by layering medicines and excipients on granules.

Solutio, -onis (f) - solution - a dosage form obtained by dissolving one or more medicinal substances; intended for injection, internal or external use.

Suspensio, -onis (f) - suspension - a liquid dosage form, which is a dispersed system in which a solid substance is suspended in a liquid; intended for internal, external or injection use.

Emulsum, -i(n) - emulsion - a liquid dosage form, which is a dispersed system consisting of mutually insoluble liquids; intended for internal, external or injection use.

Pilula, -ae (f) - pill - a solid dosage form in the form of a ball (weight 0,1-0,5 g) containing drugs and excipients.

Tinctura, -ae (f) - tincture - dosage form, which is an alcohol, alcohol-ether, alcohol-water transparent extract from medicinal plant materials; Designed for indoor or outdoor use.

Infusum, -i(n) - infusion - dosage form, which is an aqueous extract from medicinal plant materials; Designed for indoor or outdoor use.

Decoctum, -i (n) - decoction - infusion, characterized by the mode of extraction.

Sirupus, -i (m) (medicinalis) - syrup - a liquid dosage form intended for internal use.

Species, -ei (f) (usually plural Species, -erum) - collection - a mixture of several types of crushed or whole medicinal raw materials for the preparation of infusions and decoctions.

C. amylacea seu oblate - a dosage form, which is a drug enclosed in a shell (made of gelatin, starch or another biopolymer); intended for internal use.

Seu Lamella ophthalmica - eye film - a dosage form in the form of a polymer film that replaces eye drops.

Extractum, -i (n) - extract - dosage form, which is a concentrated extract from medicinal plant materials; designed for indoor or outdoor use.

Names of drugs, including the designation of the dosage form

1. If the dosage form given to a medicinal substance or herbal raw material is indicated in the name of the preparation, then the name begins with its designation, followed by the name of the medicinal substance or raw material.

On the labels, the name "Dosage form" is put in it. p. units hours, and for some dosage forms - in them. n. pl. h. The name of the medicinal substance or plant is placed in the genus. p. units hours and is written with a capital letter, for example: Solutio Imizini - imizin solution, Suspensio Zymosani - zymosan suspension, Linimentum Streptocidi - streptocid liniment, Unguentum Aceclidini - aceclidin ointment, Tabulettae Analgini - analgin tablets, Pulvis Ampicillini - ampicillin powder, etc.

In the Latin names of drugs, the name of a medicinal substance or plant is, as a rule, a noun and performs the function of an inconsistent definition. In Russian, such a name can be translated as a noun into the gender. n. or adjective.

Types of translations of Latin names

Latin name of the drug - Russian name of the drug

2. The name of the combined medicinal product accompanying the designation "dosage form" is a noun in it. etc., placed in quotation marks as an inconsistent application to the designation "dosage form", for example: Tabulettae "Urosalum" - tablets "Urosal", Unguentum "Calendula" - ointment "Calendula", etc.

3. In the names of infusions and decoctions, between the designations "Dosage form" and "Plants" is in the genus. n. name of the type of raw material (leaf, herb, bark, root, flowers, etc.), for example: Infusum florum Chamomillae - infusion of chamomile flowers, Infusum radicis Valerianae - infusion of valerian root, etc.

4. An agreed definition characterizing the dosage form takes the last place in the name of the drug: for example, Unguentum Hydrargyri cinereum - gray mercury (mercury) ointment, Solutio Synoestroli oleosa - solution of sinestrol in oil (oily), Solutio Tannini spirituosa alcohol tannin solution, Extractum Belladonnae siccum - extract of belladonna (belladonna) dry.

Lecture number 12. Recipe

Recipe (receptum - "taken" from recipio, -ere - "take", "take") - this is a written prescription from a doctor to a pharmacist, drawn up in a certain form, about the manufacture, issuance and method of using a medicine. A prescription is an important legal document that must be drawn up in accordance with official rules. Prescriptions are written on a standard form 105 x 108 mm in size clearly and legibly, without blots and corrections, in ink or a ballpoint pen. Doctors who have the right to issue prescriptions are required to indicate their position and rank in them, sign and certify it with a personal seal.

1. Recipe structure

The following parts are usually distinguished in the recipe.

1. Inscriptio - a stamp of a medical institution and its code.

2. Datum - the date the prescription was issued.

3. Nomen aegroti - surname and initials of the patient.

4. Aetas aegroti - the age of the patient.

5. Nomen medici - the surname and initials of the doctor.

6. Praescriptio - "prescription" in Latin, which consists of invocatio - a standard address to a doctor, Rp .: - Recipe - "take" and designatio materiarum - designations of substances indicating their quantity.

7. Subscriptio - "signature" (lit. "written below" the designation of substances) - a part in which some instructions are given to the pharmacist: about the dosage form, the number of doses, the type of packaging, about issuing the medicine to the patient, etc.

8. Signature - a designation, a part that begins with the verb signa or signetur - "to designate", "to designate". Then follows in Russian and (or) the national language an indication to the patient about the method of taking the medicine.

9. Nomen et sigillum personaie medici - the signature of a doctor, sealed with a personal seal.

2. The structure of the prescription line

The main content of the recipe is presented in the designatio materiarum. The Latin part of the recipe begins with the appeal Recipe, built according to the rules of Latin grammar.

Prescription rules

Each drug is prescribed on a separate prescription line and with a capital letter. The names of medicinal substances and plants inside the line are also written with a capital letter.

The names of medicinal substances or preparations grammatically depend on their dose (amount) and are put in the gender. P.

The amount of solid or bulk medicinal substances is written out in grams, and the word "gram" is omitted, and the figure is indicated by a decimal fraction, for example:

Recipe: Unguenti Zinci 30,0

Recipe: Anaesthesini 0,3

Recipe: Extracti Belladonnae 0,015.

The amount of liquid medicines is indicated in volume units - in milliliters, less often in grams, for example:

Recipe: Olei Vaselini 30 ml (30,0)

Recipe: Extracti Crataegi fluidi 20 ml

Recipe: Solutionis Acidi borici 2% - 1,5 ml.

If a liquid drug is prescribed in an amount of less than 1 ml, then it is dosed in drops: the word drop (drops) is put in wine. p. units h. (guttam) or pl. hours (guttas); the number of drops is indicated by a Roman numeral. For example:

Recipe: Solutionis Adrenalini hydrochloridi 0,1% guttam I

Recipe: Olei Menthae piperitae guttas V.

When prescribing antibiotics, the dosage is usually indicated in biological units of action (U), for example:

Recipe: Benzylpenicillini Natrii 250000 IU

If two or more drugs are prescribed in a row in the same amount, then the dose is indicated only once with the last of them, and the word ana (equally) is put in front of the number, for example:

Recipe: Amidopyrini

Analgini ana 0,25

Da tales doses numero 12 in tabulettis

Signa: 1 tablet for headaches.

If the recipe does not fit on one line, then it is continued on the next, stepping back from the beginning of the line so that the dose designation is on the right.

There are two ways to prescribe certain drugs.

Expanded way prescribing a drug involves listing all its ingredients (lat. ingrediens, -ntis - "incoming"), indicating the amount of each of them. Such a prescription often ends with the wording Misce, fiat.

For example:

Recipe: Xeroformii 1,0

Zinci oxydi 5,0

Lanolins

Vasellini ana 10,0

Misce, fiat urtguentum

Da

Signa: Apply to the affected areas of the skin.

RџSЂRё abbreviated way Prescribing a drug in one prescription line indicates the dosage form, the active drug substance and its dose or amount per course of treatment. For example:

Recipe: Unguenti Xeroformii 3% 10,0

Detour

Signetur: Eye ointment.

The abbreviated method of writing prescriptions prevails, since most drugs are standard and come to the pharmacy network in finished form.

3. The use of the accusative case when prescribing tablets and suppositories

There are various approaches to naming tablets and suppositories.

1. Medicinal preparations of a combined composition are assigned a trivial and most often abbreviated name, placed in quotation marks: for example, tabulettae "Codterpinum" - tablets "Codterpin"; suppositoria "Neo-anusolum" - candles "Neo-anusol". The trivial names of tablets or suppositories are in them. p. units hours and are inconsistent applications. The dose, as a rule, is not indicated, since it is standard.

2. If the suppositories consist of one active medicinal substance, then its name is attached to the name of the dosage form using the preposition cum and put in the ablative indicating the dose; for example: Suppositoria cum Cordigito 0,0012 - candles with cordigite 0,0012.

3. If the tablets consist of one active medicinal substance, then after indicating the dosage form, its name is put in the genus. n. with the designation of the dose; for example: Tabulettae Cordigiti 0,0008 - Cordigita tablets 0,0008.

4. When prescribing tablets and suppositories in prescriptions in an abbreviated way, the name of the dosage form is put in wines. n. pl. hours (tabulettas, tabulettas obductas, suppositoria, suppositoria rectalia), since it is grammatically dependent on the Recipe, and not on the dose.

Eye films (lamellae ophthalmicae) are written out in a similar way (in win. p. pl.): the name of the medicinal substance is introduced using the preposition cum and put in the ablative, for example:

Recipe: Lamellas ophthalmicas cum Florenalo numero 30.

5. With an abbreviated way of prescribing tablets and suppositories with one ingredient, you can put the name of the dosage form in Asc. sing. (tabulettam, suppository). In this case, the prescription ends with the standard wording Da (Dentur) tales doses numero... For example:

Recipe: Tabulettam Digoxini 0,0001

Da tales doses number 12

Recipe: Suppositorium cum Ichthyolo 0,2

Da tales doses number 10.

6. A prescription for tablets is also common, in which the name of the medicinal substance and its single dose are indicated, ending with the designation of the number of tablets in the standard formulation Da (Dentur) tales doses numero ... in tabulettis. - Give out such doses in number ... in tablets, for example:

Recipe: Digoxini 0,0001 Da tales doses numero 12 in tabulettis.

4. Recipe Abbreviations

When writing prescriptions, doctors use generally accepted abbreviations. Usually, the names of dosage forms, the names of organs (parts) of plants, as well as standard prescription formulations are abbreviated. Such abbreviations usually contain one or two or three initial letters of the word, for example: h, hb. - herba; M. - Misce; liq. - liquor; inf. - infusum; ol. - oleum.

If a word is abbreviated on a syllable that contains several consonants, then all of them are preserved during abbreviation, for example: extr. - extractum; ung. - unguentum.

The names of medicinal substances and plants should not be abbreviated.

The most important prescription abbreviations

Lecture No. 13. Chemical nomenclature in Latin. Names of chemical elements, acids, oxides

All Latin names of chemical elements are nouns cf. R. II declension, with the exception of two: Sulfur, -uris (n) (III declension) - sulfur, Phosphorus, -i (m) (m) - phosphorus. Chemical symbols come from the Latin names of the elements and reflect their orthographic features: Ca - Calcium, K - Kalium, P - Phosphorus, Fe - Ferrum, etc.

Some elements in foreign publications have other Latin names: Na - Sodium, Hg - Mercurium, K - Potassium, etc.

1. Names of the most important chemical elements

You should remember the spelling of the following frequency segments with a chemical meaning: hydr- (Greek hydor - "water"), reflects the presence of hydrogen, water or a hydroxyl group: hydrocortisonum, -i (n) - hydrocortisone; hydrochloridum, -i (n) - hydrochloride; oh (y) - (Greek oxys - "sour"), denotes the presence of oxygen: oxylidinum, -i (n) - oxylidine; oxolinum, -i (n) - oxolin; peroxydum, -i (n) - peroxide.

2. Names of acids

Latin semi-systematic and trivial names of acids consist of the noun acidum, -i (n) - "acid" and the adjective of the 1st group agreed with it. The suffix -ic-um or -os-um is added to the basis of the name of the acid-forming element.

The suffix -ic- indicates the maximum degree of oxidation and corresponds in Russian adjectives to the suffixes -n-(aya), -ev-(aya) or -ov-(aya), for example: acidum sulfur-ic-um - ser-n-aya acid; acidum barbitur-ic-um - barbituric acid; acidum fol-ic-um - folic acid.

The suffix -os- indicates a low degree of oxidation and corresponds to the Russian adjective with the suffix -ist-(aya); for example: acidum sulfur-os-um - sulfuric acid; acidum nitros-um - nitrogen-ist acid.

Adjectives in the names of anoxic acids include the prefix hydro-, the basis of the name of the acid-forming element, and the suffix -ic-um. In the Russian nomenclature of medicines, this corresponds to the adjective with endings -hydrogenous (acid), for example: ac. hydro-brom-ic-um - hydrobromo-ic-hydrogen acid.

3. Names of oxides

The names of oxides consist of two words: the first is the name of the element (cation) in the genus. n. (inconsistent definition), the second - the group name of the oxide (anion) in them. pad. (inclined). The segment -oxy- indicates the presence of oxygen, and the prefixes specify the structure of the compound:

oxydum, -i (n) - oxide;

peroxydum, -i (n) - peroxide;

hydroxydum, -i (n) - hydroxide.

The Russian name also uses the same word order as in the international (Latin).

Examples of naming oxides:

4. Names of salts

The names of salts are formed from two nouns: the name of the cation, which comes first in the genus. etc., and the name of the anion, which is in second place in them. n. Some names of ethers are formed in the same way.

The names of anions are formed by adding the standard suffixes -as, -is, -idum to the roots of the Latin names of acids.

With the suffixes -as and -is they form the names of anions in salts of oxygen acids, and with the suffix -id-um - in salts of oxygen-free acids. The names of anions with suffixes -as, -is - nouns of the III declension m. (an exception to the gender rule), and the names of anions with the suffix -id-um are nouns of the second declension cf. R.

5. Names of anions

The names of anions of basic salts are formed with the prefix sub-, and the names of anions of acidic salts are formed with the prefix hydro-, for example: subgallas, -atis (m) - basic gallate; hydrocarbonas, -atis (f) - hydrocarbonate.

Examples of salt names

Magnii sulfas - magnesium sulfate.

Natrii nitris - sodium nitrate.

Platyphyllini hydrotartras - platyphyllin hydrotartrate.

Bismuthi subnitras is the main bismuth nitrate.

Hydrargyri cyanidum - mercury cyanide.

Cocaini hydrochloridum - cocaine hydrochloride.

6. Frequency segments in the names of hydrocarbon radicals

1. The names of hydrocarbon radicals formed with the suffix -yl- are usually part of a compound word - the name of a medicinal substance, for example: benzylpenicillinum, aethylmorphinum, acidum acetylsalicylicum.

2. You should remember the spelling of the following frequency segments with a chemical meaning, reflecting the presence of:

a) a methyl group;

b) ethyl group;

c) phenyl group;

d) benzene group.

3. Very rarely the names of radicals act as independent words. In this case, they end in -ium, -ii (n), for example: methylii salicylas - methyl salicylate (methyl ester of salicylic acid); phenylii salicylas - phenyl salicylate (phenyl ester of salicylic acid); amylii nitris - amyl nitrite (isoamyl ester of nitrous acid). These names of ethers in Latin consist of two words, and in Russian they consist of one.

7. Numerals. Adverbs. Pronouns, cardinal and ordinal numbers from 1 to 15

In Latin, cardinal numbers do not affect the case of their nouns. Of the cardinal numbers, only unus, a, um are declined; duo, duae, duo; tres, tria.

Ordinal numbers agree and decline like adjectives of the 1st group (according to declension I and II). In the anatomical nomenclature, they are found in the names of the fingers and the fourth ventricle of the brain. In histological nomenclature and clinical terminology, numerals-adjectives derived from ordinal numbers are commonly used: primarius, a, um - primary; secundarius, a, um - secondary.

Roman numerals denote: in anatomy - pairs of nerves, ribs, vertebrae, fingers, bones of the metacarpus and metatarsus; in the clinic - the stage of the disease; in the recipe - the number of drops if the ingredient is added in a dose of less than 1 ml.

8. Numerals-prefixes of Latin and Greek origin

A number of medical terms are formed with the help of prefixes. Numerals prefixes of Latin origin prevail in the anatomical nomenclature, and Greek - in clinical terminology and in the nomenclature of medicines.

9. Adverbs

Adverbs are of two types according to the method of formation:

1) independent adverbs, for example: statim - immediately, saepe - often;

2) derivatives from adjectives.

Adverbs from adjectives I-II are formed by adding the suffix -e to the stem, for example: asepticus, a, um - aseptice - aseptically (under aseptic conditions). From adjectives III declensions adverbs are formed by adding the suffix -iter to the stem, and from adjectives on -ns - the suffix -er, for example: siertlis, -e - steriliter - sterile; recens, -ntis - recenter - fresh (fresh-).

Some adjectives in the form of wines are also used as adverbs. p. units h. wed R. or in the form of an ablative with the ending -o, for example: multus, a, um - multum - a lot; facilis, with - facile - easy; citus, a, um - ciro - quickly, soon.

As adverbs of the comparative degree, the form cf. R. adjectives of this degree. Superlative adverbs are formed from the superlative degree of an adjective with the suffix -e: citius - faster, citissime - fastest.

Adverbs used in the recipe

1. If you need to urgently issue a medicine at the top of the prescription form, the doctor writes: Cito! - Fast! or Statim! - Immediately! Immediately!

2. If two (or more) ingredients are prescribed in a row in the same dose, then this dose is indicated only once with the last of them, and Greek is placed before the figure. ana (aa) - equally.

3. When prescribing suppositories in a detailed way, the amount of cocoa butter can be indicated exactly in grams or by means of the expression quantum satis - "how much" - the pharmacist himself must calculate the right amount.

10. Pronouns

Personal pronouns:

1st person: ego - I, nos - we;

2nd person: tu - you, vos - you.

There are no personal pronouns of the 3rd person in Latin; instead of them, demonstrative pronouns is, ea, id are used - that, that, that or he, she, it.

Usually, there is no personal pronoun as a subject for a Latin verb, and when translated into Russian, it is added, for example: homo sum - I am a person.

The reflexive pronoun sui - itself, as in Russian, does not have the form im. n. and is used only in relation to the 3rd person.

Professional expressions with pronouns:

with a personal pronoun in Abl.: pro me - for me;

with a reflexive pronoun in Ass.: per se - in its purest form.

Possessive pronouns: mens, a, um - mine; tuns, a, um - yours; noster, tra, trum - ours; vester, tra, trum - yours.

Relative pronouns: qui, quae, quod - which, -th, -oe; what, -th, -th; something that is often found in aphorisms, for example: Qui scribit, bis legit. - Who writes - reads twice. Quod licet Jovi, non licet bovi. - What is allowed to Jupiter is not allowed to the bull.

11. Present tense of the indicative mood of the active and passive voices

Knowledge of the conjugation of the verb in two voices of the indicative mood makes it possible to somewhat expand the scope of the professional use of the Latin language, in particular, to translate simple Latin sentences, to more consciously recall aphorisms and proverbs.

Indicative mood (Indicativus)

Unlike the imperative and the subjunctive, it denotes an action without expressing any relation to what is reported. The indicative is formed by adding the personal endings of the active or passive voice to the stem of the present tense verb. These endings in I, II and IV conjugations (in singular) are attached directly to the stem of the verb. In III conjugation in units. h. the ending is added to the stem of the verb with the help of the connecting vowel -i-, and in the plural. parts III and IV of conjugations - with the help of the connecting vowel -u-.

Auxiliary verb sum, esse - to be, exist

The auxiliary verb sum, esse has an independent meaning "to be, to exist, to be, to have" and can serve as a linking verb with a compound nominal or compound verbal predicate.

Verb conjugation sum, esse

In Russian, the verb "to be" in the present tense is usually omitted as a link and a dash is put instead. For example:

1. Est modus in rebus. - There is a measure in business.

2. Valeriana, Adonis vernaiis, Convallaria majalis plantae sunt. - Valerian, spring adonis, May lily of the valley - plants.

3. Vivere est military. - Live means fight.

Lecture No. 14. Communions 

1. Present participle of active voice

Unlike Russian, Latin has only one participle for each tense: the present participle of the active voice and the past participle of the passive voice. Most of the participles used in medical terminology act only as definitions for nouns. These are adjective participles, for example: dentes permanentes - permanent teeth, cysta congenita - congenital cyst, aqua destiilata - distilled water, etc.

Present participles of the active voice are formed from the stem of the present tense verb by adding the suffix -ns in I, II conjugations, and the suffix -ens in III, IV conjugations. In the genus p. units h. all participles end in -ntis (-nt- stem ending).

For example, the formation of participles:

Present participles of the active voice are declined according to the III declension, like adjectives of the 2nd group with one ending like recens, -ntis. They have endings in Nom. pl. -es for m, f; -ia for n; in Gen. pl. - -ium for all three genders, for example: communicare - to connect.

Declension of the present participles of the active voice

Some participles were borrowed into Russian with the endings -ent, -ant, for example, student (studens, -ntis from studere - "to study"), associate professor (docens, -ntis from docere - "teach", "teach"), patient (patiens , -ntis from patior, pati - "suffer", "endure"), laboratory assistant (iaborans, -ntis from laborare - "work"), recipient (recipiens, -ntis from recipere - "take") - a patient who receives a blood transfusion a donor or an organ or tissue transplant of another person is performed.

2. Passive past participles

In Latin, as well as in Russian, such participles are verbal adjectives. They are formed from the stem of the so-called supine (one of the main forms of the verb ending in -urn) by adding the generic endings -us, -a, um to it.

Forming the Past Participles of the Passive Voice

The basis of the supine is determined by discarding the ending -um from the form of the supine. The base of the supina usually ends in -t, -x, -s. In philological dictionaries, Latin verbs are given in four main forms: 1st person singular. h. vr.; 1st person singular h. perfect (perfect past tense); supine; infinitive, for example: misceo, mixi, mixtum, ere (II); solvo, solvi, solutum, ere (III).

NB!

Past participles of the passive voice are declined as adjectives of the 1st group.

Lecture No. 15. Latin proverbs and aphorisms

Alea jacta est. - The die is cast (Caesar).

Aliis inserviendo consumer. - Serving others, I burn (Van der Tulp, Dutch doctor. One of the emblems of medicine is a burning candle).

Alit lectio ingenium. - Reading nourishes the mind.

Amantium irae amoris integratio est. - Quarrels of lovers - the renewal of love (Terentsy).

Amat victoria curam. - Victory loves diligence (Catullus).

Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur. - A true friend is known in misfortune.

Amicus Plato, sed magis arnica Veritas. - Plato is (to me) a friend, but the truth is dearer (Aristotle).

Aquila non captat muscas. - The eagle does not catch flies (a great man is not exchanged for trifles).

Arte et humanitate, labore et sciential. - Art and humanity, work and knowledge!

Asinus asinorum in saecula saeculorum. - Donkey from donkeys forever and ever.

Audentes fortuna juvat. - Fate helps the brave (Virgil).

Audiatur et altera pars. Let the other side be heard as well.

Ausculta et perpende! - Listen and weigh!

Aut Caesar, aut nihil. - Or Caesar, or no one.

Aut vincere, aut mori. Either win or die.

Bene dignoscitur, bene curatur. What is well recognized is well treated.

Citius, altius, fortius! - Faster, higher, stronger! (The motto of the Olympic Games.)

Cogito, ergo sum. - I think, therefore I am (Descartes).

Consuetudo est altera natura. - Habit is second nature.

Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in hortis. - Against the power of death there is no medicine in the gardens (Arnold of Villanova).

Contraria contrariis curantur. - The opposite is treated by the opposite (principle of allopathy).

Debes, ergo potes. - Must mean you can.

De gustibus non est disputandum. - Tastes could not be discussed.

De mortuis aut bene, aut nihil. - About the dead (it should be said) or good, or nothing.

Diagnosis bona - curatio bona. - Good diagnosis (determines) good treatment.

Dictum factum. - No sooner said than done.

Divide et impera! - Divide and rule!

docendo discimus. - Teaching (others), learning (ourselves).

Doctrine multiplex, Veritas una. - Teachings are diverse, the truth is one.

Do, ut des. - I give, so that you give me.

Dum spiro, spero. - While I breathe I hope.

Dura lex, sed lex. - The law is strong, but it's law.

Edimus, ut vivamus, non vivimus, ut edamus. We eat to live, not live to eat.

Errare humanum est. - Humans tend to make mistakes.

Ex nihilo nihil fit. Nothing comes out of nothing (Lucretius).

Ex ungue leonem. - By the claws (recognize) a lion.

Fac et spera! - Create and hope!

Facile dictum, difficile factum. - Easy to say - hard to do.

Festina lente. - Do not do it in a hurry (lit. hurry slowly).

Fiat lux! - Let there be light!

Finis coronat opus. - The end crowns the deed.

Hie mortui vivunt, hie muti loquuntur. - The dead live here, the dumb speak here (an inscription on ancient libraries).

Homo est mundi pars. - Man is part of the world (Cicero).

Hygiena arnica valetudinis. - Hygiene is a friend of health.

Ignoti nulla curatio morbi. - You can not cure an unknown disease.

Ipsa scientia potestas est. - Knowledge itself is power (F. Bacon).

Ira furor brevis est. - Anger is short-term insanity.

Mala herba cito crescit. - The weed is growing fast.

Medica mente, non medicamentis. - Treat with the mind, not with medicines.

Medice, cura aegrotum, sed non morbum. - Doctor, treat the patient, not the disease.

Medice, cura te ipsum. - Doctor, heal yourself.

Medicina soror philosophiae. - Medicine is the sister of philosophy (Democritus).

memento mori. - Memento Mori.

Multi multa sciunt, nemo omnia. Many people know a lot, but no one knows everything.

Multum vinum bibere, non diu vivere. - To drink a lot of wine - not to live long.

Natura sanat, medicus curat morbos. - The doctor heals diseases, but nature heals (Hippocrates).

Naturalia non sunt turpia. - Natural is not ugly (Celsus).

Nec quisquam melior medicus, quam fidus amicus. There is no better doctor than a true friend.

Nemo judex in causa sua. - No one can be a judge in his own case.

Nil desperandum. - Never despair.

Nolite mittere margaritas ante porcos. - Do not throw pearls before swine.

Nomen est omen. - The name speaks for itself (literally, the name is a sign).

Nomina sunt odiosa. - We will not name names (lit. names are hateful).

Non curatur, qui curat. - He who is overcome by worries, he is not cured.

Non multa, sed multum. - (To say) a lot in a few words.

Non progredi est regredi. - Not to go forward means to go back.

Non quaerit aeger medicum eloquentem, sed sanantem. - The patient is not looking for a doctor who can speak, but one who knows how to treat.

Non scholae, sed vitae discimus. We study not for school, but for life.

Nosce te ipsum. - Know thyself (Socrates).

Nulla aetas ad discendum sera. - It's never too late to learn.

Nulla regula sine exception. - There is no rule without exception.

O magna vis veritatis! - O great power of truth! (Cicero.)

Oh tempora, oh mores! - About times, about customs! (Cicero.)

Omnia nimium nocet. - Any excess is harmful.

Omnia principium difficile. - Every beginning is difficult.

Omnia mea mecum porto. - I carry all my (internal property) with me (Biant, one of the seven famous Greek sages).

Omnia praeclara rara. - Everything beautiful is rare (Cicero).

Omnis ars naturae imitatio est. - All art is an imitation of nature (Seneca).

Omnium profecto artium medicina nobilissima est. - Of course, of all the arts, medicine is the noblest (Hippocrates).

Optimum medicamentum quies est. - Peace is the best medicine (Celsus).

Otium post negotium. - Rest - after work.

Pacta servanda sunt. - Contracts must be respected.

Per aspera ad astra. - Through hardship to the stars.

Periculum in mora. - Danger in delay.

Pigritia mater vitiorum. - Laziness is the mother of vices.

Plenus venter non studet libenter. - A full belly is deaf to learning (literally, a full belly learns reluctantly).

Post hoc non est propter hoc. - After this does not mean because of this.

Primum noli noce. - First of all - do no harm (Hippocrates).

Qualis rex, talis grex. - What is the priest, such is the parish (literally, what is the shepherd, such is the flock).

Qualis vita, finis ita. What is life, such is the end.

Qui bene interrogat, bene dignoscit; qui bene dignoscit, bene curat.- He who asks well makes a good diagnosis; who diagnoses well, treats well.

Qui quaerit, reperit. - Who seeks, he finds.

Quot homines, tot sententiae. - How many people, so many opinions.

Radices litterarum amarae sunt, fructus dulces. - The roots of the sciences are bitter, the fruits are sweet.

Repetitio est mater studiorum. - Repetition is the mother of learning.

Salus aegroti suprema lex medicorum. - The good of the patient is the highest law for doctors.

Salus populi - suprema lex. - The good of the people is the highest law (Cicero).

Senectus insanabilis morbus est. - Old age is an incurable disease (Seneca).

Sermo est imago anime. - Speech is the image of the soul.

Sero venientibus ossa. - Latecomers - bones.

Sic transit gloria mundi. This is how worldly glory passes.

Simile semper parit simile. - Like always gives birth to like (Linnaeus).

Similia similibus curantur. Like cures like (homeopathic principle).

Sol lucet omnibus. - The sun shines on everyone.

Suum cuique. - To each his own.

Te hominem esse memento. - Remember that you are human.

Tempus vulnera sanat. - Time heals wounds.

Tertium non datur. - There is no third.

Tuto, cito, jucunde. - (Treat) safely, quickly, pleasantly.

Ubi concordia, ibi victoria. Where there is agreement, there is victory.

Ubi mel, ibi fel. - There is no rose without thorns (literally, where there is honey, there is bile).

Usus est optimus magister. - Experience is the best teacher.

Valetudo bonum optimum. - Health is the best good.

Vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas. - Vanity of vanities and all kinds of vanity.

Veni, vidi, vici. - I came, I saw, I conquered (Caesar's message about the victory over the king of the Bosporus).

Verba movent, exempla trahunt. - Words excite, examples captivate.

Vita brevis, ars longa, tempus praeceps, experimentum periculosum, judicium difficile. - Life is short, and the path to professional excellence is long, time is fleeting, conducting an experiment is dangerous, making a conclusion is difficult (Hippocrates).

Vivere est cogitare. To live is to think.

Lecture No. 16. Latin-Russian dictionary

А

abdomen, -inis, n - abdomen

abducens, -ntis, - outlet

abductor, -oris, m (m. abductor) - abductor muscle

abscessus, -us, m - abscess, abscess, abscess

accessorius, -a, um - additional

acetabulum, -i, n - acetabulum

acetas, -atis, m - acetate

acholia, -ae, f - acholia (lack of bile secretion)

achylia, -ae, f - achylia (lack of digestive - gastric or pancreatic - juice)

acidum, -i, n - acid

acidum ascorbinlcum - ascorbic acid

acidum benzoicum - benzoic acid

acidum boricum - boric acid

acidum carbolicum - carbolic acid

acidum hydrochloricum - hydrochloric acid

acidum lipoicum - lipoic acid

acidum salicylicum - salicylic acid

acne, -es, f - acne

acquisitus, -a, -um - acquired

acromialis, -e, - acromial

acromion, -i, n - acromion (lateral end of the scapula bone)

activates, -a, -um - activated

acusticus, -a, -um - auditory

acutus, -a, -um - sharp

ad - preposition with ac. for, to, before (adductor)

oris m (m. adductor) - adductor muscle

adenoma, -atis, n - adenoma (tumor from glandular epithelium)

adenomatosis, -is, f - adenomatosis (presence of multiple adenomas)

adeps, -ipis, m - fat

adhaesio, -onis, f - fusion

adiponecrosis, -is, f - adiponecrosis (necrosis of fatty tissue)

adiposus, -a, um - fatty

aditus, -us, m - input

adnexa, -orum, n - appendages

adultus, -a, -um, - adult

aequalis, -e - equal

aequator, -oris, m (equator, oris m) - equator

aer, aeris, m - air

aerosolum, -i, n - aerosol

aethazolum (-i)-natrium, -i, n - etazol-sodium

aether, -eris, m - ether

aethylicus, -a, um - ethyl

afferens, -ntis, - bringing

affixus, -a, -um, - attached

agger, -eris, m - roller

aggregatio, -onis, f - group

ala, -ae, f - wing

alaris, -e, - winged

albus, -a, -um, - white

alcoholismus, -i, m - alcoholism (addiction to alcohol)

alimentarius, -a, -um, - food

allergia, -ae, f - allergy (altered reactivity of the body)

allergicus, -a, um, - allergic

allopathia, -ae, f - allopathy (the principle of treatment with drugs that cause effects opposite to the signs of the disease)

aloe, -es, f - aloe

althaea, -ae, f - marshmallow

altus, -a, -um, - high

alveolaris, -e - alveolar

alveolus, -i, m - alveolus (hole, cell)

aminazinum, -i, n - aminazine

ammonium, -i, n - ammonium

ammonium causticum - ammonia

amnesia, -ae, f - amnesia (memory loss)

amoeba, -ae, f - amoeba

amoebiasis, -is, f - amoebiasis, amoebic dysentery

ampicillinum, -i, n - ampicillin

ampulla, -ae, f - ampulla

amputatio, -onis, f - amputation (cutting off a limb or removing an organ)

amylum, -i, n - starch

amyotonia, -ae, f - amyotonia (lack of muscle tone)

ana - by, equally

anaemia, -ae, f - anemia, anemia (decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin content in a volume unit of blood)

anaesthesia, -ae, f - anesthesia (1 - lack of sensitivity; 2 - anesthesia during surgical operations)

analginum, -i, n - analgin

analysis, -is, f - analysis

anastomosis, -is, f - anastomosis, fistula

anergia, -ae, f - anergia (lack of response to stimuli)

angiocardiographia, -ae, f - angiocardiography (X-ray examination of the heart and great vessels)

angiocerebrographia, -ae, f - angiocerebrography (X-ray examination of cerebral vessels)

angiofibroma, -atis, n - angiofibroma (tumor of vascular and fibrous connective tissue)

angiolithus, -i, m - angiolith (calculus in a blood vessel)

angiologia, -ae, f - angiology (section of anatomy devoted to the study of blood vessels)

angiorhexis, -is, f - angiorexis (vessel rupture)

angularis, -e - angular

angulus, -i, m - angle

anisum, -i, n - anise

ansa, -ae, f - loop

anserinus, -a, -um - goose

ante - adv. with ac. before

antebrachium, -i, n - forearm

anterior, -ius, - front

anthropology, -ae, f - anthropology (the science of the origin and evolution of man)

anthropometria, -ae, f - anthropometry (measurement of the human body and its parts)

antrum, -i, n - cave

anularis, -e - annular, annular

anulus, -i, m - ring

anuria, -ae, f - anuria (non-receipt of urine into the bladder)

anus, -i, m - anus

aorta, -ae, f - aorta

apertura, -ae, f - aperture (hole)

apex, -icis, m - apex

aphagia, -ae, f - aphagia (inability to swallow)

aphonia, -ae, f - aphonia (lack of sonority of voice)

aplasia, -ae, f - aplasia (absence of an organ or part of the body)

arnoe, -es, f - apnea (temporary cessation of breathing)

aponeurosis, -is, f - aponeurosis (tendon sprain)

apophysis, -is, f - apophysis (bone protrusion near the epiphysis)

appendicostomia, -ae, f - appendicostomy (formation of an external fistula of the appendix)

appendix, -icis, f - appendix, process

aqua, -ae, f - water

aquaeductus, -us, m - plumbing

aquosus, -a, -um - watery

arachnoideus, -a, -um - gossamer

arbor, -oris, f - tree, tree

arcuatus, -a, -um - arched

arcus, -us, m - arc

area, -ae, f - field

argentum, -i, n - silver

arteria, -ae, f - artery

arteriola, -ae, f - arteriole (small artery)

arteriosclerosis, -is, f - arteriosclerosis (hardening of the walls of the artery as a result of the growth of fibrous tissue)

arthrorisis, -is, f - arthrolysis (excision of fibrous adhesions in the joint)

arthroplastica, -ae, f - arthroplasty (surgical replacement of damaged joint elements)

artrosclerosis, -is, f - arthrosis (hardening of the tissues of the joint capsule)

arthrotomia, -ae, f - arthrotomy (opening the joint cavity)

articularis, -e - articular

articulatio, -onis, f - joint

ascendens, -ntis - ascending

asialia, -ae, f - asialia (lack of salivation)

asper, -era, -erum - rough

asthma, -atis, n - asthma (suffocation that occurs with seizures)

asynergia, -ae, f - asynergia (disturbance of friendly muscle activity)

atlas, -antis, m - atlas (first cervical vertebra)

atonia, -ae, f - atony (lack of tone)

atonicus, -a, -um - atonic

atrium, -i, n - vestibule

atrophia, -ae, f - atrophy (reduction of an organ due to tissue malnutrition)

atrophicus, -a, -um - atrophic

atropinum, -i, n - atropine

auditorius, -a,,um - auditory

auditus, -us, m - hearing

auricula, -ae, f - auricle

auricularis, -e - ear, ear-shaped

auris, -is, f - ear

aurum, -i, n - gold

auscultatio, -onis, f - auscultation (listening to sound phenomena associated with the activity of internal organs)

auscultatorius, -a,,um - auscultatory

autohaemotherapia, -ae, f - autohemotherapy (treatment by injecting the patient's own blood into the muscle of the patient)

autohaemotransfusio, -onis, f - autohemotransfusion (infusion of the patient's own blood taken a few days before the operation)

autointoxicatio, -onis, f - autointoxication (poisoning of the body by toxic substances formed in it)

autonomicus, -a, -um - autonomous, vegetative

autotransplantatio, -onis, f - autotransplantation (transplantation of the patient's own tissues to another place in the body)

avis, -is, f - bird

axis, -is, m - axis; axial vertebra

azygos - unpaired

В

balneum, -i, n - bath

balsamum, -i, n - balm

Barium, -i, n - barium

barotrauma, -atis, n - barotrauma (damage caused by a sudden change in atmospheric pressure)

basis, -is, f - base, base

Belladonna, -ae, f - belladonna, belladonna

benignus, -a, -um - benign

benzoas, -atis, m - benzoate

biceps, cipitis - two-headed

bifurcatio, -onis, f - bifurcation (bifurcation)

bilateralis, -e, - bilateral

biliaris, -e, - bile

bilifer, -era, -erum - bile (bile)

bilis, -is, f - bile

bimanualis, -e, - bimanual (performed with two hands)

Bismuthum, -i, n - bismuth

biventer, -tra, -tram - digastric

blepharitis, -idis, f - blepharitis (inflammation of the edges of the eyelids)

blepharoplastlca, -ae, f - blepharoplasty (eyelid plastic surgery)

blepharoplegia, -ae, f - blepharoplegia (eyelid paralysis)

blepharoptosis, -is, f - blepharoptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid)

blepharospasmus, -i, m - blepharospasm (eyelid cramp)

bolus, -i, f - clay

brachialis, -e - shoulder

brachium, -i, n - shoulder

brachycephalia, -ae, f - brachycephaly, short head

brachydactylia, -ae, f - brachydactyly, short-fingered

brachyphalangia, -ae, f - brachyphalangia (short phalanges of fingers)

bradycardia, -ae, f - bradycardia (low heart rate)

bradyphagia, -ae, f - bradyphagia (slow swallowing)

bradypnoe, -es, f - bradypnea (slow breathing)

brevis, -e - short

briketum, -i, n - briquette

bromidum, -i, n - bromide

bronchitis, -idis, f - bronchitis

bronchocele, -es, f - bronchocele (bronchopulmonary cyst)

bronchoectasis, -is, f - bronchiectasis (pathological expansion of the bronchi)

bronchographia, -ae, f - bronchography (X-ray examination of the bronchi)

bronchomycosis, -is, f - bronchomycosis (fungal disease of the bronchi)

bronchopathia, -ae, f - bronchopathy (general name for various bronchial lesions)

bronchoscopia, -ae, f - bronchoscopy (examination of the inner surface of the bronchi)

bronchostenosis, -is, f - bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the lumen of the bronchus)

bronchus, -i, m - bronchus

bubo, -onis, m - bubo (a lymph node enlarged as a result of inflammation)

bucca, -ae, f - cheek

buccinator, -oris, m (m. buccinator) - cheek muscle

bursa, -ae, f - bag

С

cacao (not skl.) - cocoa

caecalis, -e - caecal

caecum, -i, n - caecum

calamus, -i, m - calamus

calcaneus, -a, -um - heel

calcar, -aris, n - spur

Calcium, -i, n - calcium

calculus, -i, m - stone

callosus, -a, -um - calloused

calvaria, -ae, f - cranial vault

calix, -icis, m (calyx, ycis m) - cup

calx, calcis, f - heel

camera, -ae, f - camera

canalis, -is, m - channel

caninus, -a, -um - canine

capillaris, -e - capillary

capitatus, -a, -um - capitate

capitulum, -i, n - head

capsula, -ae, f - capsule

capsulitis, -e - capsular

caput, -itis, n - head; head

carbo, -onis, m - coal

carbonas, -atis, m - carbonate

carbunculus, -i, m - carbuncle (a group of several boils located nearby)

cardiacus, -a, -um - cardiac

cardiologia, -ae, f - cardiology (section of medicine dedicated to diseases of the cardiovascular system)

cardiomyopathia, -ae, f - cardiomyopathy (general name for diseases of the heart muscle)

cardiorrhexis, -is, f - cardiorrhexis (heart rupture)

cardiosclerosis, -is, f - cardiosclerosis (excessive development of connective tissue in the heart muscle)

cardiostenosis, -is, f - cardiostenosis (narrowing of the cardiac opening of the stomach)

caries, -ei, f - caries

caroticus, -a, -um - sleepy

carotis, -idis (a. carotis) - carotid artery

carpus, -i, m - wrist

cartilago, -inis, f - cartilage

catarrhalis, -e, - catarrhal (associated with the formation of copious exudate)

cauda, ​​-ae, f - tail

causticus, -a, -um, - caustic

caverna, -ae, f - anat. cell; wedge, cavity (a cavity in an organ resulting from tissue destruction)

cavernosus, -a, -um - cavernous

cavitas, -atis, f - cavity

cavus, -a, -um - hollow

cellula, -ae, f - cell

cellularis, -e - cellular

cementum, -i, n - cement (tooth)

centralis, -e - central

cephalicus, -a, -um - head

ceratus, -a, -um - waxed

cerebellum, -i, n - cerebellum

cerebralis, -e - cerebral, cerebral

cerebrum, -i, n - big brain

cervicalis, -e - cervical

cervix, -icis, f - neck; neck

charta, -ae, f - paper

cheiloplastlca, -ae, f - cheiloplasty (lip plastic surgery)

cheiloschisis, -is, f - cheiloschisis (cleft lip)

chiasma, -atis, n - cross

chirurgicus, -a, -um - surgical

chloridum, -i, n - chloride

Chloroformium, -i, n - chloroform

choana, -ae, f - choana (posterior nasal opening)

cholaemia, ae, f - cholemia (increased levels of bile components in the blood)

chole, -es, f - bile

cholecystocolostomia, -ae, f - cholecystocolostomy (anastomosis between the gallbladder and the large intestine)

cholecystoduodenostomia, -ae, f - cholecystoduodenostomy (anastomosis between the gallbladder and duodenum)

cholecystographia, -ae, f - cholecystography (X-ray examination of the gallbladder)

cholecystopathia, -ae, f - cholecystopathy (general name for diseases of the gallbladder)

cholecystostomia, -ae, f - cholecystostomy (operation to create an external fistula of the gallbladder)

cholecystotomia, -ae, f - cholecystotomy (opening of the gallbladder)

choledochus, -a, -um - bile

cholelithiasis, -is, f - cholelithiasis (cholelithiasis)

cholestasis, -is, f - cholestasis (stagnation of bile in the bile ducts)

chondrogenesis, -is, f - chondrogenesis (formation of cartilaginous tissue)

chondromalacia, -ae, f - chondromalacia (softening of cartilage tissue)

chorda, -ae, f - chord

chromosoma, -atis, n - chromosome (an integral part of the cell nucleus)

chronicus, -a, -um - chronic

chylostasis, -is, f - chylostasis (stagnation of lymph in the lymphatic pathways)

chyluria, -ae, f - chyluria (the presence of lymph in the urine)

chylus, -I, m - chylus (milky juice)

ciliaris, -e - ciliary

cingulum, -I, n - belt

circulus, -I, m - circle

circumferentia, -ae, f - circumference

circumflexus, -a, -um - envelope

cisterna, -ae, f - cistern

claustrum, -I, n - fence

clavicula, -ae, f - clavicle

clavicularis, -e - clavicular

clavipectoralis, -e - clavicular-thoracic

clysma, -atis, n - enema (injection of liquid into the colon)

coccus, -I, m - coccus (spherical or oval bacterium)

coccygeus, -a, -um - coccygeal

coccyx, -ygis, m - coccyx

cochlea, -ae, f - cochlea (anterior part of the ear labyrinth)

coeliacus, -a, -um - celiac

coeruleus, -a, -um - blue

colitis, -idis, f - colitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intestine)

Collargolum, -i, n - collargolum

collaterals, -e - collateral (connecting structures bypassing the main path)

collega, -ae, m, f - colleague

colliculus, -i, m - tubercle, mound

colloquium, -i, n - conversation, conversation

collum, -i, n - neck; neck

colon, -i, n - colon

coloplastlca, -ae, f - coloplasty (plastic replacement of a section of the colon)

coloptosis, -is, f - coloptosis (omission of the colon)

coloproctectomia, -ae, f - coloproctectomy (removal of the colon and rectum)

colospasmus, i, m - colospasm (colon spasm)

colporrhexis, -is, f - colporexis (rupture of the vaginal wall)

colpotomia, -ae, f - colpotomy (dissection of the vaginal wall)

columna, -ae, f - pillar

combustio, -onis, f - burn

commissura, -ae, f - spike

communicans, -ntis, - connecting

communis, -e, - common

compactus, -a, -um - compact

complexus, -us, m - complex, totality

compositus, -a, -um - complex

concha, -ae, f - shell

concisus, -a, -um - cut

concrementum, -i, n - calculus (sand or stone formed in the internal organs due to precipitation of salts)

conducens, -ntis - conductive

condylus, -i, m - condyle (thickening at the end of a long bone)

congenitus, -a, -um - congenital

congestivus, -a, -um - stagnant

conjunctiva, -ae, f - conjunctiva (connective sheath of the eye)

conjunctlvus, -a, -um - connecting

consilium, -i, n - consultation (meeting of doctors to establish the disease and how to treat it)

constrictio, -onis, f - compression

constrictor, -oris, m (m. constrictor) - constrictor (compressive muscle)

contra - adv. with ac. against, from

Convallaria, -ae, f - lily of the valley

cor, cordis, n - heart

cornea, -ae, f - cornea

cornu, -us, n - horn

corona, -ae, f - crown, crown

corpus, -oris, n - body

cortex, -icis, m - bark, cortical substance

corticalis, -e, - cortical

costa, -ae, f - rib

costalis, -e, - costal

costoxiphoideus, -a, -um - xiphoid

cranialis, -e - cranial

craniometria, -ae, f - craniometry (skull measurement)

cranioschisis, -is, f - cranioschisis (skull failure)

cranium, -i, n - skull

Crataegus, -i, f - hawthorn

cribrosus, -a, -um - latticed

cricoideus, -a, -um - cricoid

crista, -ae, f - comb, scallop

cruciatus, -a,,-um - cruciform

cruciformis, -e - cruciform

crus, cruris, n - lower leg; leg

crux, crucis, f - cross

cubitus, -I, m - elbow

culmen, -inis, n - top

cum - adv. with abl. With

cuneatus, -a,,um - wedge-shaped

cuneiformis, -e - wedge-shaped

Cuprum, -I, n - copper

cursus, -us, m - course

cuspis, -idis, f - point

cutaneus, -a, -um - dermal

cutis, -is, f - skin

cyanosis, -is, f - cyanosis, cyanosis

cylindricus, -a, -um - cylindrical

cysta, -ae, f - cyst (a pathological cavity with dense walls filled with liquid content)

cystalgia, -ae, f - cystalgia (bladder pain)

cystectomy, -ae, f - cystectomy (1 - removal of the bladder; 2 - removal of the cyst (stomy, gynecology)

cystitis, -idis, f - cystitis (bladder inflammation)

cystolithiasis, -is, f - cystolithiasis (the presence of stones in the bladder)

cystometria, -ae, f - cystometry (measurement of hydrostatic pressure in the bladder)

cystoplastica, -ae, f - cystoplasty (plastic surgery on the bladder)

cystoscopia, -ae, f - cystoscopy (examination of the inner surface of the bladder)

cystospasmus, -I, m - cystospasm (spasm of the smooth muscles of the bladder)

cystosus, -a, -um - cystic

cystotomia, -ae, f - cystotomy (opening of the bladder cavity)

cytologia, -ae, f - cytology (the science of the cell)

D

dartos - meaty

declive, -is, n - slope

decoctum, -i, n - decoction

decussatio, -onis, f - cross

deferens, -ntis, - deferent, deferent

dens, dentis, m - tooth

dentalis, -e, - dental

dentatus, -a, -um, - serrated

depuratus, -a, -um - cleaned (by mechanical means)

dermatology, -ae, f - dermatology (a branch of medicine devoted to skin diseases)

dermatomycosis, -is, f - dermatomycosis (fungal skin disease)

dermatosis, -is, f - dermatosis (general name for various skin lesions)

descendens, -ntis - descending

desinfectio, -onis, f - disinfection, disinfection

Desoxycorticosteronum, -i, n - deoxycorticosterone

destillatus, -a, -um - distilled

dexter, -tra, -trum - right

diaeta, -ae,f - diet

diagnosis, -is, f - diagnosis

diaphragma, -atis, n - diaphragm

diarrhoea, -ae, f - diarrhea, diarrhea

Dibazolum, -i, n - dibazolum

Dicainum, -i, n - dicain

dies, -ei, m - day

diffusus, -, a, -um - diffuse (having no defined boundaries)

digestio, -onis, f - digestion

Digitalis, -is, f - foxglove

Digitoxinum, -i, n - digitoxin

digitus, -i, m - finger

dilatatio, -onis, f - dilatation (1 - expansion of a hollow organ; 2 - operational expansion of a channel or opening)

dilatatus, -a, -um - extended

Dimedrolum, -i, n - Dimedrol

Dimexidum, -i, n - dimexide

Dipheninum, -i, n - diphenin

Diplacinum, -i, n - diplacin

diplegia, -ae, f - diplegia (bilateral paralysis of the same parts of the body)

diploe, -es, f - diploe (spongy substance of the bones of the cranial vault)

Diprophyllinum, -i, n - diprophyllinum

discus, -i, m - disc

distalis, -e - distal (located farther from the center)

dolichocephalia, -ae, f - dolichocephaly, long-headedness

dolichocolon, -i, n - dolichocolon (unusually long colon)

dolor, -oris, m - pain

dorsalis, -e - dorsal, dorsal

dorsum, -i, n - rear, back, back

dose, -is, f - dose

dragee - not cl. dragee

"Hendevitum" - "Gendevit"

"Hexavitum" - "Hexavitum"

"Revitum" - "Revit"

"Undevitum" - "Undevit"

dubius, -a, -um - doubtful

ductulus, -i, m - groove, tubule

ductus, -us, m - duct

duodenectomia, -ae, f - duodenectomy (removal of the duodenum)

duodenitis, -idis, f - duodenitis (inflammation of the duodenum)

duodenum, -i, n - duodenum

duplex, -icis, - double

durus, -a, -um - hard

dyskinesia, -ae, f - dyskinesia (disorder of coordinated motor acts)

dysosmia, -ae, f - dysosmia (perverted perception of smells)

dysphagia, -ae, f - dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

dysplasia, -ae, f - dysplasia (impaired development of organs and tissues)

dyspnoe, -es, f - dyspnea (difficulty breathing, shortness of breath)

dystonia, -ae, f - dystonia (disorder of muscle and vascular tone)

dystrophia, -ae, f - dystrophy (malnutrition of organs and tissues)

dysuria, -ae, f - dysuria (urination disorder)

E

e, ex - proposition. with abl. from

ejaculatorius, -a, -um - ejaculatory

electrocardiogramma, -atis, n - electrocardiogram (graphic representation of electrical phenomena occurring in the heart)

electroencephalogramma, -atis, n - electroencephalogram (curve reflecting the change in brain biopotentials)

electroencephalography, -ae, f - electroencephalography (graphic registration of brain biopotentials)

elephantiasis, -is, f - elephantiasis, elephantiasis (significant increase in the volume of the lower extremities)

embolia, -ae, f - embolism (blockage of a blood vessel by foreign particles brought with blood)

embolicus, -a, -um - embolic

embryo, -onis, m - embryo

embryologia, -ae, f - embryology (the science of the development of the embryo)

eminentia, -ae, f - eminence

emissarius, -a, -um - emissary (issuing, withdrawing)

emplastrum, -i, n - plaster

empyema, -atis, n - empyema (accumulation of pus in a natural cavity)

emulsum, -i, n - emulsion

enamelum, -i, n - enamel

encephalitis, -idis, f - encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)

encephalon, -i, n - brain

encephalopathia, -ae, f - encephalopathy (general name for diseases of the brain)

endocarditis, -idis, f - endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart)

endocrlnus, -a, -um - endocrine (pertaining to internal secretion)

endometritis, -idis, f - endometritis (inflammation of the uterine mucosa)

endophlebltis, -idis, f - endophlebitis (inflammation of the inner lining of the vein)

endothelium, -i, n - endothelium (a layer of cells lining the inner surface of the vessels and cavities of the heart)

enteroduodenostomia, -ae, f - enteroduodenostomy (anastomosis between the duodenum and small intestine)

enteroenterostomia, -ae, f - enteroenterostomy (anastomosis between the loops of the small intestine)

enterolithus, -i, m - enterocolitis (intestinal stone)

enteroproctostomia, -ae, f - enteroproctostomy (anastomosis between the small and rectum)

enterorrhaphia, -ae, f - enterorrhaphy (suturing the wound of the intestine)

enterospasmus, -i, m - enterospasm (spastic contraction of the small intestine)

ependyma, -atis, n - ependyma (set of cells lining the central canal of the spinal cord)

epidemicus, -a, -um - epidemic

epidermis, -is, f - epidermis (superficial layer of the skin)

epididymis, -idis, f - epididymis

epiglottis, -idis, f - epiglottis

epiphysis, -is, f - epiphysis (expanded end of the tubular bone)

epithelium, -i, n - epithelium (tissue lining the surface and body cavities)

eponychium, -i, n - supranail plate

epophoron, -i, n - ovarian epididymis

equinus, -a, -um - horse

erythrocytopenia, -ae, f - erythrocytopenia (low red blood cell count)

erythrodermia, -ae, f - erythroderma (diffuse reddening of the skin)

erythropoesis, -is, f - erythropoiesis (erythrocyte formation)

ethmoidals, -e, - ethmoid

Eucalyptus, -i, f - eucalyptus

Euphyllinum, -i, n - eufillin

exaltatio, -onis, f - exaltation (unnatural enthusiasm)

excavatio, -onis, f - deepening

excretorius, -a, -um - excretory (performing excretory functions)

exoglossia, -ae, f - exoglossia (enlargement of the tongue, in which it protrudes significantly from the mouth)

exophthalmus, -i, m - exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball, bulging eyes)

exostosis, -is, f - exostosis (a growth on the bone formed by bone tissue)

exstirpatio, -onis, f - extirpation (complete removal of an organ)

exsudatlvus, -a, -um - exudative (exudative)

extensor, -oris, m (m. extensor) - extensor muscle

externus, -a, -um - external

extracapsularis, -e - extracapsular

extracellularis, -e - extracellular

extractum, -i, n - extract

extramedullar, -e - extramedullary, extramedullary

extremitas, -atis, f - end

F

facialis, -e - facial

fades, -ei, f - face; surface

falx, falcis, f - serp

familiaris, -e - family

Farfara, -ae, f - coltsfoot

fascia, -ae, f - fascia (muscle sheath)

fasciculus, -i, m - bundle

fauces, -ium, f - pharynx

fel, fellis, n - bile

felleus, -a, -um - bile

femina, -ae, f - woman

femur, -oris, n - thigh, femur

fenestra, -ae, f - window

fibra, -ae, f - fiber

fibrolipoma, -atis, n - fibrolipoma (tumor of adipose and connective tissue)

fibroma, -atis, n - fibroma (tumor of fibrous connective tissue)

fibromatosis, -is, f - fibromatosis (formation of multiple fibromas)

fibromyoma, -atis, n - fibromyoma (tumor of muscle and fibrous tissue)

flbrosus, -a, -um - fibrous (fibrous)

fibula, -ae, f - fibula

fissura, -ae, f - gap; crack

fistula, -ae, f - fistula (pathological narrow channel formed in the tissues)

flavus, -a, -um - yellow

flexor, -oris, m (m. flexor) - flexor muscle

flexura, -ae, f - bend

flos, floris, m - flower

fundus, -a, -um - liquid

flumen, -inis, n - path

focalis, -e, - focal

Foeniculum, -i, n - fennel, dill

foetor, -oris, m - bad smell, stench

folium, -i, n - leaf, leaf

Folliculinum, -i, n - folliculin

folliculus, -i, m - follicle (nodule, sac)

fonticulus, -i, m - fontanel

foramen, -inis, n - hole

fornix, -icis, m - vault

fossa, -ae, f - fossa

fovea, -ae, f - fossa

foveola, -ae, f - dimple

Frangula, -ae, f - buckthorn

frequens, -ntis - frequent, speedy

frons, frontis, f - forehead

frontalis, -e - frontal

fructus, -us, m - fruit

functionalis, -e - functional

funiculus, -i, m - cord

furunculus, -i, m - furuncle (purulent inflammation of the hair follicle and surrounding tissues)

G

galactocele, -es, f - galactocele, milk cyst

galactorrhoea, -ae, f - galactorrhea (spontaneous flow of milk from the mammary glands)

galactostasis, -is, f - galactostasis (stagnation of milk in the mammary glands)

ganglion, -i, n - ganglion, (nerve) node

gangraena, -ae, f - gangrene (putrefactive decay or drying of dead tissues)

gaster, -tris, f - stomach

gastralgia, -ae, f - gastralgia (stomach pain)

gastrectasia, -ae, f - gastrectasia (expansion of the stomach cavity)

gastrectomy, -ae, f - gastrectomy (complete removal of the stomach)

gastricus, -a, -um - gastric

gastrocele, -es, f - gastrocele (stomach hernia)

gastroduodenalis, -e - gastroduodenal (gastroduodenal)

gastroduodenitis, -idis, f - gastroduodenitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum)

gastroenteritis, -idis, f - gastroenteritis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine)

gastroenterocolitis, -idis, f - gastroenterocolitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach, small and large intestines)

gastroenterostomia, -ae, f - gastroenterostomy (anastomosis between the stomach and small intestine)

gastroesophagostomia, -ae, f - gastroesophagostomy (anastomosis between the stomach and esophagus)

gastromalacia, -ae, f - gastromalacia (softening of the stomach wall)

gastroplegia, -ae, f - gastroplegia (gastric paralysis)

gastrorrhagia, -ae, f - gastrorrhagia (gastric bleeding)

gastrospasmus, -i, m - gastrospasm (convulsive contraction of the stomach)

gastrotomia, -ae, f - gastrotomy (opening the stomach cavity)

gemma, -ae, f - bud (plants)

geniculatus, -a, -um - cranked

genu, -us, n - knee

gigantismus, -i, m - gigantism, gigantic growth

gingiva, -ae, f - gum

gingivectomia, -ae, f - gingivectomy (excision of the gum edge)

gingivitis, -idis, f - gingivitis (inflammation of the gums)

gingivotomia, -ae, f - gingivotomy (dissection of the gums)

glandula, -ae, f - gland

glandularis, -e - glandular

glomus, -eris, n - glomus (tangle)

glottis, -idis, f - glottis

gluconas, -atis, m - gluconate

Glucosum, -i, n - glucose

glucosuria, -ae, f - glucosuria (the presence of glucose in the urine)

glutealis, -e - gluteal

gluteus, -a, um - gluteal

Glycerinum, -i, n - glycerin

Glycyrrhiza, -ae, f - licorice

glykaemia, -ae, f - glycemia (blood glucose)

granulatio, -onis, f - granulation

granulosus, -a, -um - granular

granulum, -i, n - granule

gravida, -ae, f - pregnant

Griseofulvinum, -i, n - griseofulvin

gutta, -ae, f - drop

gynaecologia, -ae, f - gynecology (the science of diseases of the female reproductive system)

gyrus, -i, m - gyrus

Н

habenula, -ae, f - leash (paired formation of the epithalamus connecting the epiphysis with the diencephalon)

haema, -atis, n - blood

haemangioma, -atis, n - hemangioma (tumor from blood vessels)

haematology, -ae, f - hematology (the science of diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs)

haematuria, -ae, f - hematuria (the presence of blood in the urine)

haemolysis, -is, f - hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells)

haemopoesis, -is, f - hematopoiesis, hematopoiesis

haemorrhagia, -ae, f - hemorrhage (1 - hemorrhage; 2 - bleeding)

haemorrhaglcus, -a, -um - hemorrhagic (1 - accompanied by bleeding; 2 - causing bleeding)

haemostasis, -is, f - hemostasis (1 - stopping bleeding; 2 - stopping blood flow in a separate part of the body)

haemothorax, -acis, m - hemothorax (accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity)

hallux, -ucis, m - big toe

hamulus, -a, -um - hooked

hamulus, -i, m - hook

haustrum, -i, n - haustra (protrusion, bag-like expansion)

Helianthus, -i, m - sunflower

helix, -icis, f - curl

hemianopsia, -ae, f - hemianopsia (lack of vision in one half of the eye)

hemiatrophia, -ae, f - hemiatrophy (one-sided reduction of the body as a result of malnutrition of tissues)

hemihidrosis, -is, f - hemihidrosis (excessive sweating on one half of the body)

hemispherium, -i, n - hemisphere

hepar, -atis, n - liver

Heparinum, -i, n - heparin

hepaticus, -a, -um - hepatic

hepatitis, -idis, f - hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)

hepatocholecystitis, -idis, f - hepatocholecystitis (inflammation of the liver and gallbladder)

hepatolithiasis, -is, f - hepatolithiasis (the presence of stones in the hepatic ducts)

hepatolithus, -i, m - hepatolith (liver stone)

hepatopexia, -ae, f - hepatopexia (fixation of a mobile or prolapsed liver)

hepatoptosis, -is, f - hepatoptosis (prolapse of the liver)

hepatosplenomegalia, -ae, f - hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen)

hepatotomia, -ae, f - hepatotomy (liver dissection)

herba, -ae, f - grass

hernia, -ae, f - hernia (pathological protrusion of an organ)

herpes, -etis, m - herpes (blister lichen)

heterophthalmus, -i, m - heterophthalmos (unequal color of the iris of the right and left eyes or areas of one eye)

Hexamidinum, -i, n - hexamidine

Hexaphosphamidum, -i, n - hexaphosphamide

hiatus, -us, m - cleft, gap, hole

hilum, -i, n - gate

hippocampus, -i, m - hippocampus (protrusion in the lateral ventricle of the brain)

hirudo, -inis, f - leech

histogenesis, -is, f - histogenesis (formation and development of body tissues)

histolysis, -is, f - histolysis (tissue destruction)

homeopathia, -ae, f - homeopathy (the principle of treatment with small doses of substances that cause effects in large doses similar to the signs of the disease)

homo, -inis, m - person

homosexualismus, -i, m - homosexuality (sexual attraction to people of the same sex)

horizontalis, -e - horizontal

humeralis, -e - shoulder

humeroulnaris, -e - humerulnar

humerus, -i, m - humerus

humldus, -a, -um - wet

humor, -oris, m - moisture

Hydrargyrum, -i, n - mercury

hydrocarbonas, -atis, m - bicarbonate

hydrocephalia, -ae, f - hydrocephalus (dropsy of the brain)

hydrochloridum, -i, n - hydrochloride

Hydrogenium, -i, n - hydrogen

hydropericardium, -i, n - hydropericardium (dropsy of the pericardium)

hydrophthalmus, -i, m - hydrophthalmos (dropsy of the eye)

hydrops, -opis, m - dropsy (accumulation of fluid in any body cavity)

hydrosalpinx, -ngis, f - hydrosalpinx (dropsy of the fallopian tube)

hydrotherapia, -ae, f - hydrotherapy, hydrotherapy

hygiena, -ae, f - hygiene

hymen, -enis, m - hymen

hyoideus, -a, -um, - sublingual

Hyoscyamus, -i, m - henbane

hypaesthesia, -ae, f - hypoesthesia (decrease in superficial sensitivity)

hyperaemia, -ae, f - hyperemia (increased blood supply to the area of ​​the peripheral vascular system)

hyperesthesia, -ae, f - hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity to various types of irritations)

hyperchylia, -ae, f - hyperchylia (increased secretion of gastric juice)

hyperergia, -ae, f - hyperergia (increased reactivity of the body)

hyperglykaemia, -ae, f - hyperglycemia (high blood glucose)

hyperkinesia, -ae, f - hyperkinesia (increased motor function of the internal organ)

hypermnesia, -ae, f - hypermnesia (sharp memory sharpening)

hypersalivatio, -onis, f - hypersalivation (increased secretion of the salivary glands)

hypertensio, -onis, f - hypertension (increased hydrostatic pressure in vessels and hollow organs)

hyperthermia, -ae, f - hyperthermia (overheating of the body)

hypertonia, -ae, f - hypertension (increased muscle tone)

hypocholia, -ae, f - hypocholia (decreased secretion of bile)

hypochondrium, -i, n - hypochondrium

hypogastrium, -i, n - hypogastrium

hypoglossus, -a, -um - sublingual

hypoglykaemia, -ae, f - hypoglycemia (low blood glucose)

hyponychium, -i, n - subungual plate

hypophysial, -e - pituitary

hypophysis, -is, f - pituitary gland (brain appendage)

hypoplasia, -ae, f - hypoplasia (underdevelopment of a part of the body or the whole organism)

hypotensio, -onis, f - hypotension (low hydrostatic pressure in vessels and hollow organs)

hypothalamus, -i, m - hypothalamus, hypothalamus

hypothermia, -ae, f - hypothermia (overcooling of the body)

hypotonia, -ae, f - hypotension (decreased muscle tone)

hypoxaemia, -ae, f - hypoxemia (reduced oxygen content in the blood)

hypoxia, -ae, f - hypoxia (reduced oxygen content in body tissues)

hystericus, -a, -um - hysterical

hysterocele, -es, f - hysterocele, uterine hernia

hysteropexia, -ae, f - hysteropexy (fixation of a pathologically mobile uterus)

hysteroptosis, -is, f - hysteroptosis (omission of the uterus)

hysterorrhaphia, -ae, f - hysterorrhaphy (stitching of the walls of the uterus when it ruptures)

hysterorrhexis, -is, f - hysterorhexis (rupture of the pregnant uterus)

hysterotomia, -ae, f - hysterotomy (dissection of the uterus)

I

Ichthyolum, -i, n - ichthyol

imperfectus, -a, um - imperfect

impressio, -onis, f - impression

in - (proposition with asc. and abl.) in, on

incisivus, -a, -um - incisive

incisura, -ae, f - tenderloin

inclinatio, -onis, f - inclination

incus, -udis, f - anvil (one of the auditory ossicles)

index, -icis, m - index finger

infans, -ntis, m, f - child, child

infantilis, -e - childish

infantilismus, -i, m - infantilism (preservation in mental or physical development of features characteristic of childhood)

infectio, -onis, f - infection (infection)

inferior, -ius, - lower

infraclavicular, -e - subclavian

infraglenoidalis, -e - subarticular

infraorbitalis, -e - infraorbital

infrapatellaris, -e - subpatellar

infraspinatus, -a, -um - subacute

infusum, -i, n - infusion

inguen, -inis, n - groin

inguinalis, -e, - inguinal

inhalatio, -onis, f - inhalation

initialis, -e, - initial

injectio, -onis, f - injection

insula, -ae, f - islet

insulinicus, -a, -um - insulin

intentio, -onis, f - tension

inter - (preposition with acc.) between

interalveolaris, -e - interalveolar

intercostalis, -e - intercostal

interlobaris, -e - interlobar

intermuscularis, -e - intermuscular

internus, -a, -um - internal

interosseus, -a, -um - interosseous

interspinalis, -e - interspinous

interstitialis, -e - intermediate

interthalamicus, -a, -um - interthalamic

interventricularis, -e - interventricular

intestinalis, -e - intestinal

intestinum, -i, n - gut

intracellularis, -e - intracellular

intracranialis, -e - intracranial

intraglandularis, -e - intraglandular

intrapleuralis, -e - intrapleural

intravenosus, -a, -um - intravenous

Iodum, -i, n - iodine

Ipecacuanha, -ae, f - ipecac, emetic root

iris, idis, f - iris

ischaemicus, -a, -um - ischemic

ischiadicus, -a, -um - sciatic

ischium, -i, n - seat

isthmus, -i,m - isthmus

J

jejunalis, -e - jejunal

jejunum, -i, n - jejunum

jugularis, -e - jugular

jugum, -i, n - elevation

junctio, -onis, f - connection

juncture, -ae, f - connection

Juniperus. -i, f - juniper

juvans, -ntis, - helping, auxiliary

juvenilis, -e, - youthful

juventus, -utis, f - youth

К

Kalium, -i, n - potassium

Kanamycinum, -i, n - kanamycin

keloidum, -i, n - keloid (tumor-like growth of the connective tissue of the skin, mainly scars)

keratitis, -idis, f - keratitis (inflammation of the cornea)

keratoma, -atis, n - keratoma (tumor-like thickening of the stratum corneum of the epidermis)

keratomalacia, -ae, f - keratomalacia (melting of the cornea)

keratoplastica, -ae, f - keratoplasty (corneal plastic surgery)

keratotomia, -ae, f - keratotomy (cornea dissection)

Khellinum, -i, n - khellinum

kinesia, -ae, f - kinesia (motor activity)

kyematogenesis, -is, f - kyematogenesis (the process of intrauterine development of the organism)

kymogramma, -atis, n - kymogram (recording of changes in physiological parameters on a uniformly moving tape)

L

labialis, -e, - labial

labium, -i, n - lip

labyrinthus, -i, m - labyrinth (inner part of the ear)

lac, lactis, n - milk

lacrima, -ae, f - tear

lacrimalis, -e, - lacrimal

lactatio, -onis, f - lactation (milk secretion by the mammary glands)

lamella, -ae, f - film

lamina, -ae, f - record

Laminaridum, -i, n - laminarid

laryngealis, -e - guttural

laryngocele, -es, f - laryngocele (air cyst of the larynx)

laryngoscopia, -ae, f - laryngoscopy (examination of the larynx with special tools)

laryngospasmus, -i, m - laryngospasm (spasm of the muscles of the larynx)

laryngostenosis, -is, f - laryngostenosis (persistent narrowing of the larynx)

laryngotomia, -ae, f - laryngotomy (opening of the larynx)

larynx, -ngis, m - larynx

latens, -ntis - latent, hidden

lateralis, -e - lateral, lateral

lemniscus, -i, m - loop

lens, lentis, f - lens

leontiasis, -is, f - lion's face (hypertrophy of facial tissues, giving it a resemblance to the muzzle of a lion)

Leonurus, -i, m - motherwort

leucocyturia, -ae, f - leukocyturia (increased excretion of leukocytes in the urine)

leucoderma, -atis, n - leukoderma (the appearance on the skin of spots devoid of melanin pigment)

leucolysis, -is, f - leukolysis (destruction of leukocytes)

leucomelanodermia, -ae, f - leukomelanoderma (the presence of foci of reduced and increased pigmentation on the skin)

leuconychia, -ae, f - leukonychia (appearance of white spots or stripes on the nails)

leucopenia, -ae, f - leukopenia (insufficient amount of leukocytes in the blood)

leucopoesis, -is, f - leukopoiesis (formation of leukocytes)

levator, -oris, m (m. levator) - lifting muscle

liber, -era, -erum - free

lien, -enis, m - spleen

ligamentum, -i, n - ligament

limen, -inis, n - threshold

Lincomycinum, -i, n - lincomycin

linea, -ae, f - line

lingua, -ae, f - language

lingualis, -e - lingual

lingula, -ae, f - tongue

linimentum, -i, n - linimentum

Linum, -i, n - flax

Lipocerebrinum, -i, n - lipocerebrin

lipoma, -atis, n - lipoma (tumor of adipose tissue)

lipuria, -ae, f - lipuria (the presence of fats in the urine)

liquidus, -a, -um - liquid

liquor, -oris, m - liquid

lobus, -i, m - share

logopaedia, -ae, f - speech therapy (the science of correcting speech defects)

longissimus, -a, -um - longest

longitudinalis, -e - longitudinal

longus, -a, -um - long

lumbalis, -e - lumbar

lumbi, -orum, m - waist

lumbocostalis, -e - lumbocostal

lumbosacralis, -e - lumbosacral

lunatus, -a, -um - crescent

lunula, -ae, f - lunula

lympha, -ae, f - lymph

lymphangiectasia, -ae, f - lymphangiectasia (persistent expansion of the lymphatic vessels)

lymphangutis, -idis, f - lymphangitis (inflammation of the lymphatic vessels)

lymphangioma, -atis, n - lymphangioma (swelling from the lymphatic vessels)

lymphaticus, -a, -um - lymphatic

lymphopenia, -ae, f - lymphopenia (insufficient content of lymphocytes in peripheral blood)

lymphopoesis, -is, f - lymphopoiesis (formation of lymphocytes)

lymphorrhoea, -ae, f - lymphorrhea (lymph outflow to the surface or into the body cavity)

lymphostasis, -is, f - lymphostasis (cessation of lymph flow)

М

macrocheilia, -ae, f - macrocheilia (abnormal lip enlargement)

maculosus, -a, -um - spotted

Magnesium, -i, n - magnesium

magnus, -a, -um - large (posit. degree)

majalis, -e - May

major, -jus - large (comparative degree)

malignus, -a, -um - malignant

malleolus, -i, m - ankle

mamma, -ae, f - mammary gland

mammarius, -a, -um - milky, chest

mandibula, -ae, f - lower jaw

manubrium, -i, n - handle

manus, -us, f - brush

margo, -inis, m - edge

massa, -ae, f - mass

masseter, -eris, m (m. masseter) - chewing muscle

mastitis, -idis, f - mastitis (breast inflammation)

mastoideus, -a,,um - mastoid

mastopathia, -ae, f - mastopathy (general name for dyshormonal diseases of the breast)

mater, -tris, f - mother; meninges

maxilla, -ae, f - upper jaw

maxillaris, -e, - maxillary

meatus, -us, m - passage

medialis, -e - medial

medicamentum, -i, n - medicine

medicina, -ae, f - medicine

medicus, -i, m - doctor

medius, -a, -um - medium

medulla, -ae, f - brain, medulla

melanodermia, -ae, f - melasma (excessive deposition of melanin in the skin)

melanoma, -atis, n - melanoma (tumor from melanin-producing cells)

melanonychia, -ae, f - melanonychia (deposition of melanin in the nails)

melanosis, -is, f - melanosis (excessive accumulation of melanin in tissues)

melanuria, -ae, f - melanuria (the presence of melanin in the urine)

membrana, -ae, f - membrane

membranaceus, -a, -um - membranous

membrum, -i, n - limb

meninges, -ium, f - meninges

meningitis, -idis, f - meningitis (inflammation of the meninges)

meningocele, -es, f - herniated meninges

meningolysis, -is, f - meningolysis (dissection of cicatricial adhesions of the meninges with surrounding tissues)

mensura, -ae, f - measure

Mentha, -ae, f - mint

Mentha piperita – peppermint

mesencephalon, -i, n - medium

brain mesenterium, -i, n - small intestine mesentery

metacarpus, -i, m - metacarpus

metaplasia, -ae, f - metaplasia (transformation of one type of tissue into another)

metatarsus, -us, m - metatarsus

Methandrostenolonum, -i, n - methandrostenolone

Methylium, -i, n - methyl

Methylii salicylas (-atis) - methyl salicylate

metrorhagia, -ae, f - metrorrhagia (acyclic uterine bleeding)

microspondylia, -ae, f - microspondylia (small vertebrae)

minimus, -a, -um - smallest

minor, -us - small (comparative degree)

mixtio, -onis, f - mixture

mixtura, -ae, f - mixture

modiolus, -i, m - rod

molaris, -e - root

monoarthritis, -idis, f - monoarthritis (inflammation of one joint)

monocytopenia, -ae, f - monocytopenia (decreased content of monocytes in the blood)

monocytopoesis, -is, f - monocytopoiesis (formation of monocytes)

Monomycinum, -i, n - monomycin

mononeuritis, -idis, f - mononeuritis (inflammation of one nerve)

mora, -ae, f - delay, procrastination

morbus, -i, m - disease

morphinisms, -i, m - morphinism (addiction to morphine)

mors, mortis, f - death

mucilago,inis, f - slime

mucosus, -a, -um - slimy

multum - a lot

muscularis, -e - muscular

musculus, -i, m - muscle

mycosis, -is, f - mycosis (general name for diseases caused by parasitic fungi)

myelitis, -idis, f - myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord)

myelocele, -es, f - myelocele (spinal hernia)

myelofibrosis, -is, f - myelofibrosis (replacement of the hematopoietic tissue of the bone marrow with fibrous connective tissue)

myelographia, -ae, f - myelography (X-ray examination of the spinal cord)

myelopathia, -ae, f - myelopathy (general name for some spinal cord lesions)

myelotomia, -ae, f - myelotomy (dissection of the spinal cord)

myocardiodystrophia, -ae, f - myocardial dystrophy (damage to the heart muscle caused by malnutrition)

myocarditis, -idis, f - myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle)

myocardium, -i, n - myocardium (heart muscle)

myologia, -ae, f - myology (section of anatomy devoted to the structure of the muscular system)

myoma, -atis, n - myoma (muscle tissue tumor)

myometrium, -i, n - myometrium (muscle membrane of the uterus)

myopathia, -ae, f - myopathy (general name for some hereditary muscle diseases)

myositis, -idis, f - myositis (inflammation of skeletal muscles)

myotonicus, -a, -um - myotonic

N

naevus, -i, m - nevus, birthmark

narcosis, -is, f - anesthesia

nasalis, -e - nasal

nasofrontalis, -e - nasofrontal

nasolabialis, -e - nasolabial

nasolacrimalis, -e - nasolacrimal

nasus, -i, m - nose

Natrium, -i, n - sodium

natura, -ae, f - nature

naturalis, -e - natural

Neomycinum, -i, n - neomycin

neonatus, -i, m - newborn

nephrectomy, -ae, f - nephrectomy (removal of the kidney)

nephrolithiasis, -is, f - nephrolithiasis, nephrolithiasis

nephropathia, -ae, f - nephropathy (general name for some kidney diseases)

nephropexia, -ae, f - nephropexy (fixation of a lowered or mobile kidney)

nephrosclerosis, -is, f - nephrosclerosis (densification of the kidney as a result of the replacement of the parenchyma with connective tissue)

nervosus, -a, -um - nervous

nervus, -i, m - nerve

neuralgia, -ae, f - neuralgia (pain along the nerve)

neuronum, -i, n - neuron

niger, -gra, -gram - black, dark

nitras, -atis, m - nitrate

Nitroglycerinum, -i, n - nitroglycerin

nodus, -i, m - node

nomen, -inis, n - name, denomination

nuchalis, -e - out

numerus, -i, m - number

nutricius, -a, -um - nutritious

О

obductus, -a, -um - coated

obliquus, -a, -um - oblique

oblongatus, -a, -um - oblong

observatio, -onis, f - observation

obturatorius, -a, -um - obturator, plugging

occipitalis, -e - occipital

occipitofrontalis, -e - occipitofrontal

occiput, -itis, n - back of the head

Octadinum, -i, n - octadin

oculus, -i, m - eye

odontalgia, -ae, f - odontalgia, toothache

odontoma, -atis, n - odontoma (tumor of dental tissue)

oecologia, -ae, f - ecology (the science of the relationship of organisms with the environment)

oedema, -atis, n - edema

oesophageus, -a, -um - esophageal

oesophagorrhaphia, -ae, f - esophagoraphy (suturing the wall of the esophagus)

oesophagostomia, -ae, f - esophagostomy (creation of an external fistula of the esophagus)

oesophagotomia, -ae, f - esophagotomy (opening the lumen of the esophagus)

oesophagus, -i, m (esophagus, -i, m) - esophagus

Oestradiolum, -i, n - estradiol

Oleandomycinum, -i, n - oleandomycin

olecranon, -i, n - olecranon

oleosus, -a, -um - oily

oleum, -i, n - oil

oleum (-i) Ricini - castor oil

oligaemia, -ae, f - oligaemia (decrease in the total amount of blood in the body)

oligophalangia, -ae, f - oligophalangia (reduced number of phalanges of fingers)

oliguria, -ae, f - oliguria (reduced urine output)

oliva, -ae, f - olive

omentum, -i, n - omentum

oncogenesis, -is, f - oncogenesis (emergence and development of a tumor)

onychomycosis, -is, f - onychomycosis (fungal nail infection)

onychoschisis, -is, f - onychoschisis (delamination of the nail plates)

operatio, -onis, f - operation

ophthalmicus, -a, -um - eye

ophthalmologia, -ae, f - ophthalmology (the science of eye diseases)

ophthalmoplegia, -ae, f - ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of the muscles of the eye)

ophthalmoplegicus, -a, -um - ophthalmoplegiac

ophthalmoscopia, -ae, f - ophthalmoscopy (examination of the fundus)

opticus, -a, -um - visual

orbicularis, -e - circular

orbita, -ae, f - eye socket

organismus, -i, m - organism

organum, -i, n - organ

Oryza, -ae, f - rice

or, oris, n - mouth

os, ossis, n - bone

os coccygis,n - coccyx

os sacrum,n - sacrum

Osarsolum, -i, n - osarsolum

osseus, -a, -um - bone

ossiculum, -i, n - bone

osteochondrosis, -is, f - osteochondrosis (dystrophic process in bone and cartilage tissue)

osteogenesis, -is, f - osteogenesis (formation of bone tissue)

osteolysis, -is, f - osteolysis (destruction of bone tissue)

osteomalacia, -ae, f - osteomalacia (softening of the bones)

osteonecrosis, -is, f - osteonecrosis (bone necrosis)

osteopathia, -ae, f - osteopathy (general name for some bone diseases)

osteosclerosis, -is, f - osteosclerosis (bone thickening)

osteotomia, -ae, f - osteotomy (bone dissection)

ostium, -i, n - hole

otitis, -idis, f - otitis (inflammation of any part of the ear)

otoplastica, -ae, f - otoplasty (plastic surgery on the auricle)

otoscopia, -ae, f - otoscopy (examination of the external auditory canal and eardrum with special tools)

ovalis, -e - oval

ovaricus, -a, -um - ovarian

ovarium, -i, n - ovary

Oxacillinum (-i)-natrium, -i, n - oxacillin-sodium

oxydum, -i, n - oxide

Oxygenium, -i, n - oxygen

ozaena, -ae, f - ozena, fetid runny nose

P

paediatria, -ae, f - pediatrics (the science of treating childhood illnesses)

palatinus, -a, -um - palatine

palatoschisis, -is, f - palatoschisis (cleft palate)

palatum, -i, n - palate

palmaris, -e - palmar

palpatio, -onis, f - palpation (diagnostic examination by feeling a certain part of the body)

palpebra, -ae, f - eyelid

panarteritis, -idis, f - panarteritis (inflammation of all layers of the artery wall)

pancreas, -atis, n - pancreas

pancreaticus, -a, -um - pancreatic

panophthalmitis, -idis, f - panophthalmitis (purulent inflammation of all tissues of the eyeball)

papilla, -ae, f - nipple, papilla

papillaris, -e - papillary

papula, -ae, f - papule, nodule

paracolitis, -idis, f - paracolitis (inflammation of the tissue around the colon)

paracystitis, -idis, f - paracystitis (inflammation of the tissue around the bladder)

paraffinatus, -a, -um - paraffin

paralysis, -is, f - paralysis

parametritis, -idis, f - parametritis (inflammation of periuterine tissue)

paranephritis, -idis, f - paranephritis (inflammation of the perirenal tissue)

paraproctitis, -idis, f - paraproctitis (inflammation of the tissue around the rectum)

parasternalis, -e - parasternal

paratonsillitis, -idis, f - paratonsillitis (inflammation of the tissues surrounding the palatine tonsil)

paravertebralis, -e - paravertebral

paries, -etis, m - wall

parietalis, -e - parietal

pars, partis, f - part

partialis, -e - partial, limited

partus, -us, m - childbirth

parum - little

parvus, -a, -um - small (positive degree)

patella, -ae, f - patella

pathologicus, -a, -um - pathological

patiens, -ntis, m, f - patient (person receiving medical care)

pecten, -inis, m - comb

pedunculus, -i, m - leg

pelvimetria, -ae, f - pelvimetry (measurement of the pelvis to determine the prognosis of childbirth)

pelvis, -is, f - pelvis; pelvis

Pentalginum, -i, n - pentalgin

Pentoxylum, -i, n - pentoxyl

Pepsinum, -i, n - pepsin

per - preposition with ac. through, through

percussio, -onis, f - percussion (percussion of the surface of the body of the subject to assess the nature of the sounds arising from this)

periarteritis, -idis, f - periarteritis (inflammation of the outer lining of the artery)

pericarditis, -idis, f - pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardial sac)

perichondritis, -idis, f - perichondritis (inflammation of the perichondrium)

perimetritis, -idis, f - perimetritis (inflammation of the serous membrane of the uterus)

perinephritis, -idis, f - perinephritis (inflammation of the fibrous capsule of the kidney)

periostitis, -idis, f - periostitis (inflammation of the periosteum)

Persicum, -i, n - peach

persistens, -ntis, - persistent

pes, pedis, m - foot

petrosus, -a, -um - rocky

phalanx, -ngis, f - phalanx

pharmacotherapia, -ae, f - pharmacotherapy (treatment with drugs)

pharyngitis, -idis, f - pharyngitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx)

pharyngoscopia, -ae, f - pharyngoscopy (examination of the pharynx)

pharyngotomia, -ae, f - pharyngotomy (opening of the pharynx)

pharynx, -ngis, m - pharynx

Phenolum, -i, n - phenol

Phenylinum, -i, n - phenylin

philtrum, -i, n - philtrum

phlebectasia, -ae, f - phlebectasia (persistent vein expansion)

phlebectomia, -ae, f - phlebectomy (removal of a vein)

phlebogramma, -atis, n - phlebogram (x-ray of the venous network)

phlebographia, -ae, f - phlebography (x-ray examination of veins)

phlebolithus, -i, m - phlebolith, venous stone

phlebolysis, -is, f - phlebolysis (isolation of a vein from the surrounding scar tissue)

phlebotomia, -ae, f - phlebotomy (opening of a vein)

phosphas, -atis, m - phosphate

phrenicus, -a, -um - diaphragmatic

phthisiatria, -ae, f - phthisiology (the science of treating tuberculosis)

physiologicus, -a, -um - physiological (normally observed in a healthy body)

physiotherapy, -ae, f - physiotherapy (treatment with physical means and methods)

phytotherapia, -ae, f - phytotherapy (treatment with medicinal plants)

Pilocarpinum, -i, n - pilocarpine

pilus, -i, m - hair

pix, picis, f - resin

Pix liquida - tar

planta, -ae, f - plant

Plantago, -inis, f - plantain

planus, -a, -um - flat

plasma, -atis, n - plasma (liquid part of blood)

plastica, -ae, f - plastic surgery (restoration of the form or function of individual parts of the body)

platysma, -atis, n - subcutaneous muscle of the neck

pleura, -ae, f - pleura (serous membrane covering the lungs and walls of the chest cavity)

plexus, -us, m - plexus

plica, -ae, f - fold

pneumaticus, -a, -um - pneumatic

pneumolysis, -is, f - pneumolysis (liberation of the lung from adhesions with adjacent tissues)

pneumonectomy, -ae, f - pneumonectomy (complete removal of the lung)

pneumothorax, -acis, m - pneumothorax (accumulation of air in the pleural cavity)

pneumotomia, -ae, f - pneumotomy (lung dissection)

pollex, -icis, m - thumb

polyarthritis, -idis, f - polyarthritis (inflammation of several joints)

polyavitaminosis, -is, f - polyavitaminosis (lack of several vitamins in the body)

polydactylia, -ae, f - polydactyly (multi-fingeredness, the presence of more than five fingers on a hand or foot)

polyneuritis, -idis, f - polyneuritis (multiple inflammation of the nerves)

polyphagia, -ae, f - polyphagia (gluttony, excessive food intake)

polypus, -i, m - polyp (a pathological formation protruding above the surface of the organ and associated with it by a leg)

polyuria, -ae, f - polyuria (copious urine output)

pons, pontis, m - bridge

popliteus, -a, -um - popliteal

porta, -ae, f - gate

portio, -onis, f - part

porus, -i, m - time, hole

post, - (preposition with asc.) after

postcentrals, -e - postcentral

posterior, -ius - rear

postnatalis, -e - postnatal (occurring immediately after birth)

praecipitatus, -a, -um - besieged

praecox, -ocis - early

praeparatio, -onis, f - preparation

preaxillaris, -e (praeaxillaris, -e) - preaxillary

precentralis, -e (praecentralis, -e) - precentral

preputium, -i, n (praeputium, -i, n) - foreskin

prevertebralis, -e (praevertebralis, -e) - prevertebral

primus, -a, -um - first, primary

princeps, -cipis - chief

prisma, -atis, n - prism

pro - (offered with abl.) for

processus, -us, m - process

proctectomia, -ae, f - proctectomy (removal of the rectum)

proctoplastica, -ae, f - proctoplasty (plastic surgery to restore the rectum)

proctorrhagia, -ae, f - proctorrhagia (bleeding from the rectum)

profundus, -a, -um - deep

prognathia, -ae, f - prognathia (protrusion of the upper jaw forward)

progressivus, -a, -um - progressive

projectio, -onis, f - projection

Promedolum, -i, n - promedol

prominentia, -ae, f - ledge

promontorium, -i, n - cape (bone protrusion)

pronatio, -onis, f - turning the palm down

pronator, -oris, m (m. pronator) - pronator (muscle that turns the palm down)

Propazinum, -i, n - propazin

proprius, -a, -um - own

Protargolum, -i, n - protargol

protuberantia, -ae, f - ledge

proximalis, -e - proximal (located closer to the center)

pseudomembrana, -ae, f - pseudomembrane (false membrane)

psychiatria, -ae, f - psychiatry (the science of treating mental illness)

psychicus, -a, -um - mental

psychologia, -ae, f - psychology (the science of human mental activity)

psychosis, -is, f - psychosis (mental disorder)

psychotherapia, -ae, f - psychotherapy (psychic treatment)

pterygoideus, -a, -um - pterygoid

ptosis, -is, f - ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid)

pubes, -is, f - pubis

pulmo, -onis, m - light

pulmonalis, -e - pulmonary

pulpa, -ae, f - pulp

pulsus, -us, m - pulse

pulvinar, -aris, n - pillow (back of thalamus)

pulvis, -eris, m - powder

punctio, -onis, f - puncture (piercing the wall of an organ with a hollow needle for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes)

pupilla, -ae, f - pupil

purulentus, -a, -um - purulent

pus, puris, n - pus

pyelectasia, -ae, f - pyelectasia (expansion of the renal pelvis)

pyelonephritis, -idis, f - pyelonephritis (inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney parenchyma)

pyelostomia, -ae, f - pyelostomy (fistula over the renal pelvis)

pyelotomia, -ae, f - pyelotomy (opening of the renal pelvis)

pylorospasmus, -i, m - pylorospasm (pylorus spasm)

pylorostenosis, -is, f - pyloric stenosis (narrowing of the pylorus of the stomach)

pylorus, -i, m - gatekeeper

pyothorax, -acis, f - pyothorax (accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity)

pyramis, -idis, f - pyramid

pyuria, -ae, f - pyuria (the presence of pus in the urine)

Q

quadrangularis, -e, - quadrangular

quadratus, -a, -um - square

quadriceps, cipitis - four-headed

quantum - how much

quartus, -a, -um - fourth

Quercus, -us, f - oak

quintus, -a, -um - fifth

R

radialis, -e - radiation, radiation

radiatio, -onis f - radiance

radiatus, -a, -um - radiant

radicalis, -e - radical

radius, -i, m - radius

radix, -icis, f - root, spine

ramus, -I, m - branch

raphe, -es, f - seam

reactio, -onis, f - reaction (body's response to exposure)

recessus, -us, m - recess, inversion, pocket

reconvalescentia, -ae, f - recovery

rectalis, -e, - rectal, rectal

rectificatus, -a, -um, - purified (by distillation)

rectum, -i, n - rectum

rectus, -a, -um - straight

reflexus, -us, m - reflex (reaction of the body to irritation carried out by the nervous system)

regio, -onis, f - region

regionalis, -e - regional (referring to some area of ​​the body)

regressivus, -a, -um - regressive (under development)

reliquus, -a, -um - rest

ren, renis, m - kidney

renalis, -e - renal

resectio, -onis, f - resection (removal of part of an organ with the connection of its saved parts)

respiratorius, -a, -um - respiratory

rete, -is, n - network

retina, -ae, f - retina

retinaculum, -i, n - retainer

retinoschisis, -is, f - retinoschisis (retinal detachment)

retroduodenalis, -e - retroduodenal

retroflexus, -a, -um - backward curved

retrogradus, -a, -um - retrograde, reverse

retromandibularis, -e - mandibular

retroperitonealis, -e - retroperitoneal

retrosternalis, -e - retrosternal

rhagas, -adis, f - fissure (small but deep and painful skin injury)

Rhamnus, -i, m - joster

Rheum, -i, n - rhubarb

rhinalis, -e - nasal

rhinitis, -idis, f - rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa), runny nose

rhinolithus, -i, m - rhinolith (nose stone)

rhinomycosis, -is, f - rhinomycosis (damage to the nasal mucosa caused by parasitic fungi)

rhinoscopia, -ae, f - rhinoscopy (examination of the nasal cavity)

rhizoma, -atis, n - rhizome

Riboflavinum, -i, n - riboflavin

Riclnus, -i, m - castor bean

rima, -ae, f - gap

roentgenogramma, -atis, n - radiograph (X-ray)

roentgenum, -i, n - x-ray

Rosa, -ae, f - rose; rose hip

rostrum, -i, n - beak

rotationatio, -onis, f - rotation

rotator, -oris, m (m. rotator) - rotator muscle

rotundus, -a, -um - round

ruber, -bra, -brum - red

ruga, -ae, f - fold

ruptura, -ae, f - gap

S

Saccharum, -I, n - sugar

sacciformis, -e - baggy

saccus, -I, m - bag

sacer, -cra, -crum - sacral

sacralis, -e - sacral

sal, salis, n - salt

salicylas, -atis, m - salicylate

saliva, -ae, f - saliva

salpingectomy, -ae, f - salpingectomy (removal of the fallopian tube)

salpingolysis, -is, f - salpingolysis (freeing the fallopian tube from adhesions)

salpinx, -ngis, f - fallopian tube

salus, -utis, f - health

Salvia, -ae, f - sage

sanatio, -onis, f - healing, healing

sanguis, -inis, m - blood

saphenus, -a, -um - hidden, subcutaneous

scabies, -ei, f - scabies

scalenus, -a, -um - ladder

scapula, -ae, f - scapula

scapularis, -e, - scapular

Schizandra, -ae, f - lemongrass

sclera, -ae, f - sclera (white shell of the eye)

scrotum, -i, n - scrotum

se - oneself (reflexive pronoun)

seborrhoea, -ae, f - seborrhea (increased secretion of the sebaceous glands)

sebum, -i, n - sebum (fatty secretion of the sebaceous glands)

sectio, -onis, f - section, opening

sectio caesarea - caesarean section

sedativus, -a, -um - sedative

segmentalis, -e - segmental

segmentum, -i, n - segment

sella, -ae, f - saddle

semen, -inis, n - seed

semicircularis, -e - semicircular

semilunaris, -e - semilunar

semitendinosus, -a, -um - semitendinous

senectus, -utis, f - old age

senilis, -e - senile

Senna, -ae, f - senna

sensorius, -a, -um - sensitive

sensus, -us, m - feeling, feeling

septum, -i, n - partition

serosus, -a, -um - serous

serratus, -a, -um - notched

sialadenitis, -idis, f - sialadenitis (inflammation of the salivary gland)

sialostasis, -is, f - sialostasis (cessation of salivation)

siccus, -a, -um - dry

simplex, -icis - simple

sine - (proposition with abl.) without

sinister, -tra, -trum - left

sinus, -us, m - sinus, sinus

sirupus, -i, m - syrup

skeleton, -i, n - skeleton

solutio, -onis, f - solution

solutio Ammonii caustici - ammonia solution (ammonia)

spasmus, -i, m - spasm, spasm

spasticus, -a, -um - spastic, convulsive

spatium, -i, n - space, gap

species, -ei, f - species

species, -erum, f - farm. collection

sphenoidalis, -e - wedge-shaped

sphericus, -a, -um - spherical

sphincter, -eris, m - sphincter (locking muscle)

spina, -ae, f - awn

spinalis, -e - spinous; dorsal; spinal

spinosus, -a, -um - spinous

spirituosus, -a, -um - alcohol

spiritus, -us, m - alcohol

splanchnologia, -ae, f - splanchnology (section of anatomy devoted to internal organs)

splanchnomegalia, -ae, f - splanchnomegaly (excessively large size of internal organs)

splenalgia, -ae, f - splenalgia (pain in the spleen)

splenectomia, -ae, f - splenectomy (removal of the spleen)

splenicus, -a, -um - splenic

splenomegalia, -ae, f - splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen)

splenorrhaphia, -ae, f - splenorrhaphy (suturing of the spleen when it is ruptured)

spondylarthritis, -idis, f - spondylarthritis (inflammation of the intervertebral joints)

spongiosus, -a, -um - spongy

spritz-tubulus, -i, m - syringe tube

squama, -ae, f - scales

squamosus, -a, -um - scaly

stapes, -edis, m - stirrup (one of the auditory ossicles)

stasis, -is, f - stasis (stopping the flow of physiological fluid in a separate part of the body)

stenosis, -is, f - stenosis (narrowing of a tubular organ or opening)

sternoclavicularis, -e - sternoclavicular

sternocostal, -e - sternocostal

sternum, -i, n - sternum

stomachlcus, -a, -um - gastric

stomatology, -ae, f - dentistry (section of medicine dedicated to diseases of the oral cavity)

stomatoscopia, -ae, f - stomatoscopy (examination of the oral cavity using special devices)

stratum, -i, n - layer

Streptocidum, -i, n - streptocid

striatus, -a, -um - striped

stroma, -atis, n - stroma (supporting structure of the organ)

struma, -ae, f - struma (goiter, enlarged thyroid gland)

styloideus, -a, -um - subulate

stylomastoideus, -a, -um - stylomastoid

sub - (proposition with acc. and abl.) under

subclavius, -a, -um - subclavian

subcostalis, -e - hypochondrium

subcutaneus, -a, -um - subcutaneous

subgingivalis, -e - subgingival

subitus, -a, -um - sudden

sublingualis, -e - sublingual

submandibularis, -e - submandibular

submucosus, -a, -um - submucosal

subnitras, -atis, m - basic nitrate

suboccipitals, -e - suboccipital

substantia, -ae, f - substance

subtendineus, -a, -um - dry

sudor, -oris, m - sweat

sulcus, -i, m - furrow

Sulfacylum (-i)-natrium, -i, n - sulfacyl-sodium

Sulfadimezinum, -i, n - sulfadimezin

sulfas, -atis, m - sulfate

sulfidum, -i, n - sulfide

Sulfur, -uris, n - sulfur

supercilium, -i, n - eyebrow

superficialis, -e - superficial

superior, -ius, - upper

supinatio, -onis, f - turning the palm up

suppositoria "Anaesthesolum" - candles "Anestezol"

suppositoria vaginalia "Osarcidum" - vaginal suppositories "Osarcid"

suppositorium, -i, n - suppository; candle

supraclavicularis, -e - supraclavicular

supraglenoidalis, -e - supraglenoidalis

suprahyoideus, -a, -um - suprahyoid

supraorbitalis, -e - supraorbital

suprarenalis, -e - adrenal

suprascapularis, -e - suprascapular

supraspinous, -a, -um - supraspinous

suprernus, -a, -um - highest

surditas, -atis, f - deafness

suspensio, -onis, f - suspension

sutura, -ae, f - seam

sympathicus, -a, -um - sympathetic

symphysis, -is, f - symphysis (cartilaginous connection of bones, in which there is a slit-like cavity)

synchondrosis, -is, f - synchondrosis (continuous cartilage connection of bones)

syndactylia, -ae, f - syndactylia (congenital fusion of fingers)

syndesmosis, -is, f - syndesmosis (connection of bones through dense fibrous connective tissue)

syndromum, -i, n - syndrome (a set of signs of the disease)

synergismus, -i, m - synergism (joint action of organs or systems)

synkinesia, -ae, f - synkinesia (friendly movement, such as hand movement when walking)

Synoestrolum, -i, n - sinestrol

synostosis, -is, f - synostosis (fusion of individual bones together)

synovialis, -e, - synovial

Synthomycinum, -i, n - synthomycin

systema, -atis, n - system

Т

tabuletta, -ae, f - tablet

tabulettae - tablets

"Allocholum" - "Allochol"

"Decamevitum" - "Decamevite"

"Heptavitum" - "Heptavit"

"Novomigrophenum" - "Novomigrofen"

"Panhexavitum" - "Panhexavit"

"Pentovitum" - "Pentovit"

"Ribovitum" - "Ribovit"

"Tetravitum" - "Tetravit"

tachycardia, -ae, f - tachycardia (increased heart rate)

tachyphagia, -ae, f - tachyphagia (rapid ingestion of food)

tachypnoe, -es, f - tachypnea (rapid breathing)

taenia, -ae, f - tape

Talcum, -i, n - talc

talis, -e - such

Tanninum, -i, n - tannin

tardus, -a, -um, - slow

tarsus, -i, m - tarsus; eyelid cartilage

tegmen, -inis, n - roof

temporalis, -e - temporal

tempus, -oris, n - time

tendo, -inis, m - tendon

tenolysis, -is, f - tenolysis (release of the tendon from adhesions)

tenoplastica, -ae, f - tenoplasty (tendon plastic surgery)

tenorrhaphia, -ae, f - tenorrhaphy (tendon stitching)

tenotomia, -ae, f - tenotomy (dissection of the tendon)

tensor, -oris, m (m. tensor) - tensing muscle

tenuis, -e - thin

teres, -etis - round

terminalis, -e - terminal (final)

terminatio, -onis, f - ending

tertius, -a, -um - third

testis, -is, m - testicle

tetraboras, -atis, m - tetraborate

Tetracyclinum, -i, n - tetracycline

textus, -us, m - cloth

thalamus, -i, m - thalamus (thalamus)

thenar, -aris, n - tenar, elevation of the thumb

Theophyllinum, -i, n - theophylline

Thiaminum, -i, n - thiamine

thiosulfas, -atis, m - thiosulfate

thoracicus, -a, -um - chest

thorax, -acis, m - chest, chest

thrombocytolysis, -is, f - thrombocytolysis (platelet breakdown)

thrombocytopenia, -ae, f - thrombocytopenia (low platelet count in the blood)

thrombocytopoesis, -is, f - thrombocytopoiesis (formation of platelets)

thrombophlebitis, -idis, f - thrombophlebitis (inflammation of a vein with the formation of a blood clot)

thrombosis, -is, f - thrombosis (clot formation)

thrombus, -i, m - thrombus (blood clot formed in a blood vessel)

thymus, -i, m - thymus, thymus gland

thyroideus, -a, -um - thyroid

tibia, -ae, f - tibia

tinctura, -ae, f - tincture

tonsilla, -ae, f - tonsil

topographicus, -a, -um - topographic

Tormentilla, -ae, f - Potentilla

totalis, -e - general, full

toxicologia, -ae, f - toxicology (science of toxic substances)

toxicometria, -ae, f - toxicometry (quantification of the toxicity of chemicals)

toxicosis, -is, f - toxicosis (a condition caused by poisoning)

trachea, -ae, f - trachea

tractus, -us, m - tract, path

transplantatio, -onis, f - transplantation (transplantation of an organ or tissue)

transversalis, -e - transverse

transversospinalis, -e - transverse spinous

transversus, -a, -um - transverse

trauma, -atis, n - injury, damage

traumaticus, -a, -um - traumatic

tremor, -oris, m - tremor

trepanatio, -onis, f - trepanation (opening of the bone cavity)

triangularis, -e - triangular

trichopathia, -ae, f - trichopathy (general name for pathological hair changes)

trigeminus, -a, -um - trigeminal

Trimecainum, -i, n - trimecaine

Trimethinum, -i, n - trimetin

Trioxazinum, -i, n - trioxazine

triquetrus, -a, -um - trihedral

trismus, -i, m - trismus (spastic clenching of the jaws)

Triticum, -i, n - wheat

trochanter, -eris, m - trochanter (tubercle at the upper end of the femur)

trochlearis, -e - block

truncus, -us, m - trunk, torso

tuba, -ae, f - pipe

tubarius, -a, -um - trumpet

tuber, -eris, n - hillock

tuberculosis, -is, f - tuberculosis (a disease characterized by the formation of specific granulomas in various organs and tissues)

tuberculum, -i, n - tubercle

tuberositas, -atis, f - tuberosity

tumor, -oris, m - tumor

tunica, -ae, f - sheath

tussis, -is, f - cough

tympanicus, -a, -um - tympanic

tympanum, -i, n - drum

typhlectasia, -ae, f - typhlectasia (expansion of the caecum)

typhlomegalia, -ae, f - typhlomegaly (an increase in the size of the caecum)

typhloptosis, -is, f - typhloptosis (omission of the caecum)

typhlospasmus, -i, m - typhlospasm (caecum spasm)

U

ulcerosus, -a, -um - ulcerative

ulcus, -eris, n - ulcer (festering or inflamed wound on the surface of the skin or mucous membrane)

ulna, -ae, f - ulna

ulnaris, -e - elbow

umbilicalis, -e - umbilical

umbo, -onis, m - navel

uncinatus, -a, -um - hooked

uncus, -i, m - hook

unguentum, -i, n - ointment

unguis, -is, m - nail

uraemia, -ae, f - uremia (the presence of urea and other nitrogenous substances in the blood)

ureter, -eris, m - ureter

urethra, -ae, f - urethra, urethra

urina, -ae, f - urine

urinarius, -a, -um - urinary

urogenitals, -e - urogenital

urolithus, -i, m - urolith, urinary stone

urostasis, -is, f - urostasis (stagnation of urine in the urinary tract)

Urtlca, -ae, f - nettle

usus, -us, m - use

uterinus, -a, -um - uterine

uterus, -i, m - uterus

V

vagina, -ae, f - vagina

vaginalis, -e - vaginal

Valeriana, -ae, f - valerian

Validolum, -i, n - validol

valva, -ae, f - valve

valvula, -ae, f - damper, valve

vas, vasis, n - vessel

Vaselinum, -i, n - vaseline

vena, -ae, f - vein

venectasia, -ae, f - venectasia (vein expansion)

venectomia, -ae, f - venectomy (removal of a vein)

venenum, -i, n - poison

venosus, -a, -um - venous

venotomia, -ae, f - venotomy (opening the lumen of a vein, for example, to remove a blood clot)

venter, -tris, m - abdomen (muscles)

ventriculus, -i, m - ventricle; stomach

venula, -ae, f - venule (small vein)

vermiformis, -e - worm-like

vermis, -is, m - worm

vertebra, -ae, f - vertebra

vertebralis, -e - vertebral

vertex, -icis, m - top; crown

verus, -a, -um - true

vesica, -ae, f - bubble

vestibulum, -i, n - vestibule

via, -ae, f - path

Vikasolum, -i, n - vikasolum

vinculum, -i, n - bunch

Vinylinum, -i, n - vinylin

viscera, -um, n - viscera, internal organs

visus, -us, m - vision

vita, -ae, f - life

vitium, -i, n - vice

vitrum, -i, n - bottle, test tube

vivus, -a, -um - alive

vomer, -eris, m - coulter

vortex, -icis, m - curl

vulgaris, -e - common

vulnus, -eris, n - wound

X

xanthoerythrodermia, -ae, f - xanthoerythrodermia (yellowish-orange staining of the skin due to the deposition of cholesterol or lipids in it)

xiphosternalis, -e - xiphosternal

Z

Zincum, -i, n - zinc

zona, -ae, f - zone

zonula, -ae, f - girdle

zonularis, -e - girdle

zoology, -ae, f - zoology (animal science)

zoonosis, -is, f - zoonosis (an infectious animal disease transmitted to humans)

zoophobia, -ae, f - zoophobia (fear of animals)

zoster, -eris, m (herpes zoster) - herpes zoster

zygomaticomaxillaris, -e - zygomaticomaxillary

zygomaticus, -a, -um - zygomatic

Lecture No. 17. Russian-Latin Dictionary

A

abdominal - abdominalis, -e

abscess - abscessus, -us, m

autonomous - autonomlcus, -a, -um

adenoma - adenoma, -atis, n

adrenaline - Adrenalinum, -i, n

activated - activatus, -a, -um

allergic - allergicus, -a, -um

aloe - Aloe, -es, f

marshmallow - Althaea, -ae, f

albumin - Albuminum, -i, n

alveolar - alveolaris, -e

aluminum - Aluminum, -i, n

amoebiasis - amoebiasis, -is, f

amidochloridum - amidochloridum, -i, n

chlorpromazine - Aminazinum, -i, n

ampicillin - Ampicillinum, -i, n

ampulla - ampulla, -ae, f

amputation - amputatio, -onis, f

anal - analis, -e

anamnesis - anamnesis, -is, f

angiography - angiography, -ae, f

anemia - anaemia, -ae, f

anestezin - Anaesthesinum, -i, n

anesthesia - anaesthesia, -ae, f

anise - Anisum, -i, n

antipyrine - Antipyrinum, -i, n

aorta - aorta, -ae, f

aperture - apertura, -ae, f

apressin - Apressinum, -i, n

arnica - Arnica, -ae, f

arterial - arteriosus, -a, -um (related to arterial blood); arterialis, -e (referring to arteries)

artery - arteria, -ae, f

arthritis - arthritis, -idis, f

aseptic - asepticus, -a, -um

asparaginase - Asparaginasum, -i, n

atropine - Atropinum, -i, n

atrophic - atrophlcus, -a, -um

atrophy - atrophia, -ae, f

autointoxication - autointoxicatio, -onis, f

aphonia - aphonia, -ae, f

achylia - achylia, -ae, f

acetate - acetas, -atis, m

aerosol - aerosolum, -i, n

"Cameton" - "Cametonum"

"Oxycort" - "Oxycortum"

Б

drum - tympanicus, -a, -um

barium - Barium, -i, n

thigh, femur - femur, -oris, n

secure - innocens, -ntis

nameless - anonymus, -a, -um

white - albus, -a, -um

benzylpenicillin sodium - Benzylpenicillin (-i) -natrium, -i, n

benzoate - benzoas, -atis, m

benzohexonium - Benzohexonium, -i, n

benzodixin - Benzodixinum, -i, n

benzonal - Benzonalum, -i, n

birch - Betula, -ae, f

pregnant - gravida, -ae, f

bicillin - Bicillinum, -i, n

auspicious - bonus, -a, -um

blepharospasm - blepharospasmus, -i, m

block - trochlearis, -e

wandering - anat. vagus, -a,um (nervus vagus); vagalis, -e (relating to the vagus nerve or formed by the vagus nerves)

pain - dolor, -oris, m

toothache - odontalgia, -ae, f

pain in the stomach - gastralgia, -ae, f

pain in the region of the heart - cardialgia, -ae, f

pain all over the body - panalgia, -ae, f

muscle pain - myalgia, -ae, f

pain in the tongue - glossalgia, -ae, f

headache - alia, -ae, f

lip pain - macrocheilia, -ae, f

duodenal pain - megaduodenum, -i, n

breast pain - macromastia, -ae, f

ureter pain - megaloureter, -eris, m

lower jaw pain - macrogenia, -ae, f

pain of the nail plates - macronychia, -ae, f

colon pain - megacolon, -i, n

finger pain - macrodactylia, -ae, f

pain in the esophagus - megaesophagus, -i, m

rectal pain - megarectum, -i, n

spleen pain - megalosplenia, -ae, f

ear pain - macrotia, -ae, f

pain in the phalanges of the fingers - macrophalangia, -ae, f

large - magnus, -a, -um (posit. step); major, -jus (compar. step); maximus, -a, -um (npew step)

big brain - (see big brain)

big toe - (see big toe)

furrow - sulcus, -i, m

wart - verruca, -ae, f

hawthorn - Crataegus, -i, f

brachydactylia - brachydactylia, -ae, f

briquette - briketum, -i, n

brilliant green - Viride (-is) nitens (-ntis)

bromide - brormdum, -i, n

bronchiectasis - bronchoectasis, -is, f

tubercle - tuberculum, -i, n; colliculus, -i, m (facial tubercle)

tuberosity - tuberositas, -atis, f

В

in - in, preposition. with ac. and abl.

vaginal - vaginalis, -e

vaseline - Vaselinum, -i, n

valerian - Valeriana, -ae, f

roller - agger, -eris, m (nose roller); splenium, -i, n (roller of the corpus callosum); torus, -i, m (part of the anatomical formation, protruding in the form of a roller); torulus, -i, m (decreased from torus,); vallum, -i, n (elevation in the form of an arc or ring)

vegetative-vascular - vegeto-vascularis, -e

eyelid - palpebra, -ae, f

vein - vena, -ae, f

venous - venosus, -a, -urn

vertebral - vertebralis, -e

upper - superior, -ius

upper jaw - (see upper jaw)

apical - apicalis, -e

apex - apex, -icis, m

apex - culmen, -inis, n (apex of the cerebellum); vertex, -icis, m (apex of the cornea)

branch - ramus, -i, m,

vinylin - Vinylinum, -i, n

bismuth - Bismuthum, -i, n

temporal - temporalis, -e

vitamin - vitamlnum, -i, n

fortified - vitaminisatus, -a, -um

vitaftor - Vitaphthorum, -i, n

vagina - vagina, -ae, f

vaginal - vaginalis, -e

wet - humidus, -a, -um

internal - internus, -a, -um

intraglandular - intraglandularis, -e

intracranial - intracranialis, -e

water - aqua, -ae, f

water - aquosus, -a, -um

hydrogen - Hydrogenium, -i, n

dropsy - hydrops, -opis, m

elevation - eminentia, -ae, f; jugum, -i, n (jugum sphenoidale, juga alveolaria)

gate - hilum, -i, n; porta, -ae, f (porta of the liver)

inflammation of all layers of the heart wall - pancarditis, -idis, f

inflammatory - inflammatorius, -a, -um

ascending - ascendens, -ntis

congenital - congenitus, -a, -um

secondary - secundarius, -a, -um

tenderloin - incisura, -ae, f

protrusion - prominentia, -ae, f (protruding anatomical formation); protuberantia, -ae, f (the most prominent part of the bone)

protrusion of the lower jaw forward - progenia, -ae, f

speaker - prominens, -ntis

out - nuchalis, -e

Г

galantamine - Galanthaminum, -i, n

gastritis - gastritis, -idis, f

gastrectomy - gastrectomy, -ae, f

hemangioma - haemangioma, -atis, n

hematuria - haematuria, -ae, f

hemianopsia - hemianopsia, -ae, f

hemiatrophia - hemiatrophia, -ae, f

hemiplegia - hemiplegia, -ae, f

hematopoiesis - haemopoesis, -is, f

hemorrhagic - haemorrhagicus, -a, -um

hemothorax - haemothorax, -acis, m

hydrobromide - hydrobromidum, -i, n

bicarbonate - hydrocarbonas, -atis, m

hydrocortisone - Hydrocortisonum, -i, n

hydroxide - hydroxydum, -i, n

hydrotartrate - hydrotartras, -atis, m

hydrochloride - hydrochloridum, -i, n

gingivitis - gingivitis, -idis, f

hyperglycemia - hyperglykaemia, -ae, f

hyperemia - hyperaemia, -ae, f

hyperkinesia - hyperkinesia, -ae, f

hypertension - hypertensio, -onis, f

hypoxemia - hypoxaemia, -ae, f

hypoplasia - hypoplasia, -ae, f

hypotension - hypotensio, -onis, f

histogenesis - histogenesis, -is, f

histolysis - histolysis, -is, f

eye - oculus, -i, m

eye - ophthalmicus, -a, -um

oculomotor - oculomotorius, -a, -um

glycerin - Glycerinum, -i, n

glycerophosphate - glycerophosphas, -atis, m

glossitis - glossitis, -idis, f

pharynx - pharynx, -ngis, m

deep - profundus, -a, -um

glucose - Glucosum, -i, n

glucosuria - glucosuria, -ae, f

gluconate - gluconas, -atis, m

purulent - purulentus, -a, -um

lower leg - eras, cruris, n

head - caput, -itis, n

head - capitulum, -i, n (head of the condyle of the humerus); glans, glandis, f (glans penis, clitoris)

brain - (see brain brain)

bitter - amarus, -a, -um

granule - granulum, -i, n

crest - crista, -ae, f; pecten, -inis, m (anal crest, pubic crest)

scallop - crista, -ae, f

chest - thorax, -acis, m; compages thoracis (bone base of the chest)

chest - anat. mamrnarius, -a, -um (pertaining to the mammary gland); pectoralis, -e (referring to the anterior chest wall); thoracicus, a, -um (pertaining to the chest or chest cavity); farm. pectoralis, -e

chest - thorax, -acis, m

hernia - hernia, -ae, f

lip - labium, -i, n; labrum, -i, n (cartilaginous rim along the periphery of the articular cavity)

Д

pressure - tensio, -onis, f

demineralized - demineralisatus, -a, -um

dermatol - Dermatolum, -i, n

desquamation - desquamatio, -onis, f

deforming - deformans, -ntis

diabetes - diabetes, -ae, m

diabetic - diabeticus, -a, -um

diazolin - Diazolinum, -i, n

diaphragm - diaphragma, -atis, n

dibazol - Dibazolum, -i, n

dikain - Dicainum, -i, n

dilatation - dilatatio, -onis, f

Dimedrol - Dimedrolum, -i, n

dimestrol - Dimoestrolum, -i, n

diplegia - diplegia, -ae, f

diprazine - Diprazinum, -i, n

dipropionate - dipropionas, -atis, m

diprofen - Diprophenum, -i, n

diprophyllin - Diprophyllinum, -i, n

disk - discus, -i, m

dyskinesia - dyskinesia, -ae, f

distal - distalis, -e

distilled - destillatus, -a, -um

dystonia - dystonia, -ae, f

dystrophy - dystrophia, -ae, f

dysphagia - dysphagia, -ae, f

child, child - infans, -ntis, m, f

diffuse - diffusus, -a, -um

dichlotiazid - Dichlothiazidum, -i, n

diethylstilbestrol - Diaethylstilboestrolum, -i, n

long - longus, -a, -um

for - ad, preposition. with acc.; pro, preposition with abl.

before - ad, preposition with ac.

additional - accessorius, -a, -um

dose - dosis, -is, f

share - lobus, -i, m

dorsal - dorsalis, -e

dragee - dragee, not skl., dragees pl. h.

"Hexavitum" - "Hexavitum"

"Undevit" - "Undevitum"

oak - Quercus, -us, f

arc - arcus, -us, m

arched - arcuatus, -a, -um

Ж

gland - glandula, -ae, f

mammary gland - mamma, -ae, f, glandula mammaria (glandular tissue of the mammary gland that provides milk secretion)

pancreatic gland - pancreas, -atis, n

iron - Ferrum, -i, n

yellow - flavus, -a, -um

stomach - gaster, -tris, f (= ventriculus, -i, m)

ventricle - ventriculus, -i, m

choleretic - cholagogus, -a, -um

biliary - biliaris, -e; billfer, -era, -erum (bile: ductuli biliieri); choledochus, -a, -um (ductus choledochus = ductus biliaris); felleus, -a, -um (vesica fellea = vesica biliaris)

bile - farm. chole, -es, f; physiol. bilis, -is, f, fel, fellis, n

belly - abdomen, -inis, n

liquid - fluidus, -a, -um

liquid - liquor, f, -ris, m

life - vita, -ae, f

fatty - adiposus, -a, -um

З

curl - vortex, -icis, m (curl of the heart); helix, -icis, f (curl of ear)

retropharyngeal - retropharyngeus, -a, -um

rear - posterior, -ius

anus - anus, -i, m

closed - clausus, -a, -um

curtain - velum, -i, n

wrist - carpus, -i, m

damper - valvula, -ae, f

occipital - occipitalis, -e

St. John's wort - Hypericum, -i, n

malignant - malignus, -a, -um

goiter - struma, -ae, f

visual - opticus, -a, -um

tooth - dens, dentis, m

toothache - (see toothache)

dental - dentalis, -e

И

and -et

from - ex, preposition. with abl.

gyrus - gyrus, -i, m

isotonic - isotonicus, -a, -um

inhalation - inhalatio, -onis, f

stroke - insultus, -us, m

heart attack - infarctus, -us, m

infection - infectio, -onis, f

injection - injectio, -onis, f

hysterical - hystericus, -a, -um

ichthyol - Ichthyolum, -i, n

Й

iodine - Iodum, -i, n

iodide - iodidum, -i, n

К

cavity - caverna, -ae, f

cocoa - Cacao, not cl.

Kalanchoe - Kalanchoe, -es, f

calendula - Calendula, -ae, f

potassium - Kalium, -i, n

calcium - Calcium, -i, n

rocky - petrosus, -a, um

camphor - Camphora, -ae, f

channel - canalis, -is, m

capillary - capillaris, -e

drop - gutta, -ae, f

capsule - capsula, -ae, f

carbonate - carbonas, -atis, m

basic carbonate - subcarbonas, -atis, m

cardiovalen - Cardiovalenum, -i, n

cardiosclerosis - cardiosclerosis, -is, f

cardiospasm - cardiospasmus, -i, m

castor oil - (see oil)

catarrhal - catarrhalis, -e

cough - tussis, -is, f

square - quadratus, -a, -um

acid - acidum, -i, n

ascorbic acid - ascorbinicum

acetylsalicylic acid - acetyl salicylicum

benzoic acid - benzoicum

boric acid - borfcum

glutamic acid - glutaminicum

citric acid - citricum

nicotinic acid - nicotinicum

salicylic acid - salicylicum

folic acid - folicum

hydrochloric acid - hydrochloricum

cyst - cysta, -ae, f

brush - manus, -us, f

intestines - intestlnum, -i, n

intestinal - intestinalis, -e

gut - intestlnum, -i, n:

colon - colon, -i, n

valve - valva, -ae, f, valvula, -ae, f (shortened from valva)

chest cage - (see chest)

sphenoid - sphenojdalis, -e (related to the sphenoid bone); cuneiformis, -e (wedge-shaped); cuneatus, -a, -um (resembling a wedge)

codeine - Codeinum, -i, n

skin - cutis, -is, f

cocaine - Cocainum, -i, n

knee - genu, -us, n

collagenase - Collagenasum, -i, n

collateral - collateralis, -e

ring - anulus, -i, m

limb - membrum, -i, n

canned - conservatus, -a, -um

concentrated - concentratus, -a, -um

conjunctiva - conjunctiva, -ae, f

bark - cortex, -icis, m

cordiamin - Cordiaminum, -i, n

cordigite - Cordigitum, -i, n

root, root - radix, -icis, f

rhizome - rhizoma, -atis, n

root - radicularis, -e

short - brevis, -e

bone marrow - medullaris, -e

osteocartilaginous - osteocartilagineus, -a, -um

bone - osseus, -a, -um

bone marrow - (see bone marrow)

bone - os, ossis, n

femur - femur, -oris, n

fibula - fibula, -ae, f

humerus - humerus, -i, m

caffeine - coffeinum, -i, n

caffeine-sodium benzoate - Coffeinum(-i)-natrii benzoas (-atis)

edge - margo, -inis, m; limbus, -i, m (pointed protrusion, curved in the form of an arc or circle); oga, -ae, f (serrated edge, border between the visual and blind parts of the retina)

nettle - Urtlca, -ae, f

belladonna, -ae, f

starch - Amylum, -I, n

sacrum - os sacrum (= os sacrale)

cruciform - cruciatus, -a, -um (located crosswise); cruciformis, -e (having the shape of a cross)

sacral - sacer, -era, cram (os); sacralis, -e (pertaining to os sacrum)

bloody - sanguineus, -a, -um

hemorrhage, bleeding - haemorrhagia, -ae, f

blood - anat.haema, -atis, n; hist. sanguis, -inis, m

round - rotundus, -a, -um (foramen); teres, -etis (having a shape close to a cylinder: musculus, ligamentum)

circular - orbicularis, -e

circle - areola, -ae, f (peripapillary circle); orbiculus, -if (eye circle)

buckthorn - Frangula, -ae, f

wing - ala, -ae, f

pterygoid - pterygoideus, -a, -um

roof - tegmen, -inis, n; tectum, -i, n (roof of midbrain)

hook - hamulus, -i, m (bone process in the form of a hook); uncus, -i, m (sharply curved edge of the anatomical formation)

xeroform - Xeroformium, -i, n

Л

lactate - lactas, -atis, m

lily of the valley - Convallaria, -ae, f

lanolin - Lanolinum, -i, n

Potentilla - Tormentilla, -ae, f

lateral - lateralis, -e

levorin - Levorinum, -i, n

left - sinister, -tra, -trum

lung - pulmo, -onis, m

pulmonary - pulmonalis, -e

leukoderma - leucoderma, -atis, n

leukonychia - leuconychia, -ae, f

leukopenia - leucopenia, -ae, f

medicinal - medicamentosa, -a, -um

flax - Linum, -i, n

lidase - Lydasum, -i, n

lemongrass - Schizandra, -ae, f

lymphangitis - lymphangiltis, -idis, f

lymphangioma, -atis, n

lymphatic - lymphaticus, -a, -um

liniment - linimentum, -i, n

line - linea, -ae, f

lincomycin - Lincomycinum, -i, n

leaf, leaf - folium, -i, n

facial - facialis, -e

face - facies, -ei, f

frontal - frontalis, -e

pubis - pubes, is, f

false - spurius, -a, -um

ray - radius, -i, m

radius bone - (see radius bone)

radial - radialis, -e

radiance - radiatio, -onis, f

lutenurin - Lutenurinum, -i, n

М

magnesium - Magnesium, -i, n; Magnesium, -i, n

ointment - unguentum, -i, n

ointment "Mikoseptin" - unguentum "Mycoseptinum"

fibula - (see fibula)

fibula - fibularis, -e; peroneus, -a, -um (m. peroneus = m. fibularis)

small sizes of the upper jaw - micrognathia, -ae, f

small size of the stomach - microgastria, -ae, f

small sizes of mammary glands - micromastia, -ae, f

small sizes of the lower jaw - microgenia, -ae, f

small sizes of nail plates - microonychia, -ae, f

small vertebrae - microspondylia, -ae, f

small size of the spleen - microsplenia, -ae, f

small heart sizes - microcardia, -ae, f

small size of the spinal cord - micromyelia, -ae, f

small sizes of auricles - microtia, -ae, f

small tongue sizes - microglossia, -ae, f, small parvus, -a, -um (positive degree); minor, -us (compar. degree); minimus, -a, -um (superlative)

oil - oleum, -i, n

castor oil - oleum(-i) Ricini

mastopathy - mastopathia, -ae, f

uterus - uterus, -i, m

uterine - uterinus, -a, -um

medial - medialis, -e

medical - medicinalis, -e

copper - Cuprum, -i, n

intermaxillary - intermaxillaris, -e

interlobar - interlobaris, -e

interventricular - interventricularis, -e

interclavicular - interclavicularis, -e

interosseous - interosseus, -a, -um

intermuscular - intermuscularis, -e

interspinous - interspinals, -e

intervertebral - intervertebralis, -e

intercostal - intercostalis, -e

melasma - melanodermia, -ae, f

melanoma - melanoma, -atis, n

membrane - membrana, -ae, f

menthol - Mentholum, -i, n

local - localis, -e

methandrostenolone - Methandrostenolonum, -i, n

metacycline - Methacyclinum, -i, n

metacin - Methacinum, -i, n

methylandrostenediol - Methylandrostendiolum, -i, n

methylene blue - Methylenum (-i) coeruleum (-i)

methylprednisolone - Methylprednisolonum, -i, n

methyl salicylate - Methylii salicylas (-atis)

methyltestosterone - Methyltestosteronum, -i, n

bag - saccus, -i, m

potion - mixtura, -ae, f

myocardium - myocardium, -i, n

myocarditis - myocarditis, -idis, f

myopathy - myopathia, -ae, f

imaginary - spurius, -a, -um

multiple - multiplex, -icis

brain, medulla - medulla, -ae, f

big brain - cerebrum, -i, n:

brain brain - encephalon, -I, n

bone marrow - medulla ossium

medulla oblongata

meninges - mater, -tris, f

cerebral - medullaris, -e

meninges - meninges, -ium, f

cerebellum - cerebellum, -i, n

calloused - callosus, -a, -um

callus - clavus, -i, m

mammary gland - (see mammary gland)

monomycin - Monomycinum, -i, n

bridge - pons, pontis, m

urinary - urinarius, -a, -um

diuretic - diureticus, -a, -um

ureter - ureter, -eris, m

muscular - muscularis, -e

muscle - museums, -i, m:

rotator muscle - m. rotator, -oris, m

tensing muscle - m. tensor, -oris, m

lowering muscle - m. depressor, -oris, m

levator muscle - m. levator, -oris, m

adductor muscle - m. adductor, -oris, m

extensor muscle - m. extensor, -oris, m

flexor muscle - m. flexor, -oris, m

sphincter muscle - m. sphincter, -eris, m

soft - mollis, -e; pius, -a, -um (mater)

mint - Mentha, -ae, f

peppermint - Mentha piperita

Н

supraorbital - supraorbitalis, -e

supraclavicular - supraclaviculars, -e

suprapleural - suprapleuralis, -e

highest - supremus, -a, -um

smallest - minimus, -a, -um

presence above the norm - poly

the presence of excess teeth - polyodontia, -ae, f

the presence of excess mammary glands - polymastia, -ae, f

the presence of excess fingers - polydactylia, -ae, f

presence of auricles above the norm - polyotia, -ae, f

the presence of excess phalanges of the fingers - polyphalangia, -ae, f

fistula on the stomach - gastrostomia, -ae, f

fistula over the bladder - cystostomia, -ae, f

fistula on the esophagus - oesophagostomia, -ae, f

fistula on the rectum - proctostomia, -ae, f

suturing the vagina - colporrhaphia, -ae, f

suturing the gallbladder - cholecystorrhaphia, -ae, f

suturing the intestine - enterorrhaphia, -ae, f

foxglove - Digitalis, -is, f

tensing muscle - (see tensing muscle)

anesthesia - narcosis, -is, f

external - externus, -a, -um

hereditary - hereditarius, -a, -um

infusion - infusum, -i, n

tincture - tinctura, -ae, f

sodium - Natrium, -i, n

the science of skin diseases - dermatology, -ae, f

science of diseases of the oral cavity - stomatology, -ae, f

the science of heart disease - cardiologia, -ae, f

the science of diseases of the joints - arthrologia, -ae, f

ammonia (ammonia solution) - solutio (-onis) Ammonii caustici

neuralgia - neuralgia, -ae, f

palatine - palatums, -a, -um

necrosis - necrosis, -is, f

neomycin - Neomycinum, -i, n

unpaired - impar, paris; azygos (vena)

incomplete number of teeth - oligodentia, -ae, f

incomplete number of fingers - oligodactylia, -ae, f

incomplete number of phalanges of fingers - oligophalangia, -ae, f

incomplete - incompletus, -a, -um

nerve - nervus, -i, m

nervous - nervosus, -a, -um

jade - nephritis, -idis, f

nephropathy - nephropathia, -ae, f

lower - inferior, -ius

lower jaw - (see lower jaw)

nystatin - Nystatinum, -i, n

descending - descendens, -ntis

nitrate - nitras, -atis, m

basic nitrate - subnitras, -atis, m

nitrite - nitris, -it, -is, m

nitroglycerin - Nitroglycerinum, -i, n

nitrofungin - Nitrofunginum, -i, n

novocaine - Novocainum, -i, n

newborn - neonatus, -i, m

nail - unguis, -is, m

leg - cruris, (paired structure in the form of a leg); pes, pedis, m (hippocampal stalk); pediculus, -I, m (pedicle of the vertebral arch); pedunculus, -I, f (in brain terms)

norsulfazol - Norsulfazolum, -i. n

norsulfazol-sodium - Norsulfazolum (-i) -natrium, -i. n

nose - nasus, -i. m

nasal - nasalis, -e

О

region - regio, -onis, f

sea ​​buckthorn - Hippophae, -es, f

frostbite - congelatio, -onis, f

colon - (see colon colon)

sheath - tunica, -ae, f, theca, -ae, f (follicle sheath)

meninges - (see meninges)

meninges - (see meninges)

reverse - retrogradus, -a, -um

common name for diseases of the stomach - gastropathia, -ae, f

common name for bowel diseases - enteropathia, -ae, f

general name for muscle diseases - myopathia, -ae, f

common name for diseases of the spinal cord - myelopathia, -ae, f

common name for joint diseases - arthropathia, -ae, f

common - communis, -e

oval - ovalis, -e

single-fingered - monodactylia, -ae, f

odontoma - odontoma, -atis, n

oxaphenamide - Oxaphenamidum, -i, n

oxacillin - Oxacillinum, -i, n

oxide - oxydum, -i, n

oxylidine - Oxylidinum, -i, n

oxytetracycline - Oxytetracyclinum, -i, n

oxytocin - Oxytocinum, -i, n

oxycyanide - oxycyanldum, -i, n

octestrol - Octoestrolum, -i, n

oleandomycin - Oleandomycinum, -i, n

olive - Oliva, -ae, f

oliguria - oliguria, -ae, f

lowering muscle - (see lowering muscle)

tumor - tumor, -oris, m

prolapse of the stomach - gastroptosis, -is, f

prolapse of internal organs - splanchnoptosis, -is, f

kidney prolapse - nephroptosis, -is, f

orotat - orotas, -atis, m

release from adhesions with neighboring lung tissues - pneumolysis, -is, f

release from adhesions with neighboring tissues of the heart - cardiolysis, -is, f

release from adhesions with neighboring tissues of the bronchi - bronchoscopia, -ae, f

release from adhesions with neighboring tissues of the vagina - colposcopia, -ae, f

release from adhesions with neighboring stomach tissues - gastroscopia, -ae, f

release from adhesions with adjacent vascular tissues - angioscopia, -ae, f

base - basis, -is, f

basic carbonate - (see basic carbonate)

basic nitrate - (see basic nitrate)

osteogenesis - osteogenesis, -is, f

osteomalacia - osteomalacia, -ae, f

osteotomy - osteotomia, -ae, f

spinous - spinalis, -e (related to the spine or spinous process); spinosus, -a, -um (looking like an awn)

acute - acutus, -a, -um

spine - spina, -ae, f

axis - axis, -is, m

from, against - contra, preposition. with ac.

decoction - decoctum, -i, n

hole - foramen, -inis, n (round hole); hiatus, -us, m (slit-shaped hole); ostium, -i, n (hole connecting adjacent cavities); poms, -i, m (ear hole)

abducent - abducens, -ntis

edema - oedema, -atis, n

open - apertus, -a, -um

process - processus, -us, m; appendix, -icis, f (additional formation associated with the main anatomical structure)

absence of eyelids - ablepharia, -ae, f

lack of sonority of voice - aphonia, -ae, f

lack of vision - anopia, ae f anopsia, -ae, f

absence of mammary glands - amastia, -ae, f

absence of the bladder - acystia, -ae, f

absence of several or all teeth - adentia, -ae, f

lack of fingers - adactylia, -ae, f

lack of secretion of milk - agalactia, -ae, f

lack of jaw - agnathia, -ae, f

lack of sensitivity - anaesthesia, -ae, f

lack of tongue - aglossia, -ae, f

ophthalmoplegia - ophthalmoplegia, -ae, f

ophthalmoscopy - ophthalmoscopia, -ae, f

focal - focalis, -e

cleaned (mechanically) - depuratus, -a, -um; (by distillation) rectificatus, -a, -um

П

sinus - sinus, -us, m

finger - digitus, -i, m:

big toe - hallux, -ucis, m

palpation - palpatio, -onis, f

pancarditis - pancarditis, -idis, f

pancreatic - pancreaticus, -a, -um

papaverine - Papaverinum, -i, n

paralysis - paralysis, -is, f

paralysis of the muscles of the eye - ophthalmoplegia, -ae, f

paralysis of the muscles of the bladder - cystoplegia, -ae, f

paralysis of the muscles of one limb - monoplegia, -ae, f

paralysis of the muscles of half of the body - hemiplegia, -ae, f

paralysis of the muscles of the tongue - glossoplegia, -ae, f

parametritis, -idis, f

paraproctitis - paraproctitis, -idis, f

pasta - pasta, -ae, f

pathological expansion of the esophagus - oesophagectasia, -ae, f

pathological expansion of the caecum - typhlectasia, -ae, f

pathological vasodilatation - angiectasia, -ae, f

pathological enlargement of the liver - hepatomegalia, -ae, f

pathological enlargement of the heart - cardiomegalia, -ae, f

penicillin - Penicillinum, -i, n

pentoxyl - Pentoxylum, -i, n

pepsin - Pepsinum, -i, n

primary - primarius, -a, -um

partition - septum, -i, n

anterior - anterior, -ius

decussation - chiasma, -atis, n (intersection of two anatomical structures); decussatio, -onis, f (cruciform intersection of nerve fibers in the substance of the brain)

transfusion - transfusio, -onis, f

membranous - membranaceus, -a, -um

transplantation of organs or tissues from another person - allotransplantatio, -onis, f

periduodenitis - periduodenitis, -idis, f

peroxide - peroxydum, -i, n

oral - peroralis, -e

peach - Persicum, -i, n

loop - ansa, -ae, f (structure shaped like a loop or arc); lemniscus, -i, m (bundle of nerve fibers in the central nervous system)

liver - hepar, -atis, n

cavernous - cavernosus, -a, -um

pyelotomy - pyelotomia, -ae, f

pyloric stenosis - pylorostenosis, -is, f

pyramid - pyramis, -idis, f

pyuria - pyuria, -ae, f

esophagus - oesophagus, -i, m (esophagus, -i, m)

plantaglucid - Plantaglucidum, -i, n

plate - lamina, -ae, f

bone plastic surgery - osteoplastica, -ae, f

nose plastic surgery - rhinoplastica, -ae, f

corneal plastic surgery - keratoplastlca, -ae, f

plaster - emplastrum, -i, n

platyfillin - Platyphyllinum, -i, n

pleura - pleura, -ae, f

pleurisy - pleurltis, -idis, f

film - lamella, -ae, f = membranula, -ae, f

humerus - (see humerus bone)

shoulder - brachium, -i, n

fruit - fructus, -us, m

pneumonectomy - pneumonectomy, -ae, f

pneumothorax - pneumothorax, -acis, m

by, equally - ana

superficial - superficialis, -e

surface - facies, -ei, f

increased hydrostatic pressure in the vessels - hypertensio, -onis, f

increased oxygen content in tissues - hyperoxia, -ae, f

mobile - mobilis, -e

pancreas - (see pancreatic gland)

subcutaneous - subcutaneus, -a, -um

submandibular - submandibularis, -e

levator muscle - (see levator muscle)

plantain - Plantago, -inis, f

subacute - subacutus, -a, -um

podophyllin - Podophyllinum, -i, n

plantar - plantaris, -e

sunflower - Helianthus, -i, m

tendinous - subtendinous, -a, -um

pillow - pulvlnar, -aris, n

sublingual - sublingualis, -e; hypoglossus, -a, -um (nervus hypoglossus); hyoideus, -a, -um (os hyoideum)

vertebra - vertebra, -ae, f

vertebrate - vertebralis, -e

sheathed - obductus, -a, -um

polyarthritis - polyarthritis, -idis, f

polyneuritis - polyneuritis, -idis, f

polyp - polypus, -i, m

full - totalis, -e

cavity - cavitas, -atis, f

semilunar - semilunaris, -e (crescent); lunatus, -a, -um (having the appearance of an incomplete moon: os, facies)

semispinalis - semispinalis, -e

semimembranous - semimembranosus, -a, -um

hollow - cavus, -a, -um

diarrhea - diarrhoea, -ae, f

transverse - transversus, -a, -um; transversalis, -e (related to transversus, -a, -um); transver-sarius, -a, -um (related to the transverse process: foramen transversarium)

powder - pulvis, -eris, m

posthemorrhagic - posthaemorrhagicus, -a, -um

renal - renalis, -e

kidney - anat. ren, renis, m; farm. gemma, -ae, f

loin - lumbi, -orum, m

right - dexter, -tra, -tram

preoccipital - preoccipitalis, -e

forearm - antebrachium, -i, n

adductor muscle - (see adductor muscle)

gatekeeper - pylorus, -i, m

parietal - parietalis, -e

conductive - conducens, -ntis

progesterone - Progesteronum, -i, n

forecast - prognosis, -is, f

progressive - progresslvus, -a, -um

progressive -progrediens, -ntis

oblong - oblongata, -a, -um

prozerin - Proserinum, -i, n

proloteston - Prolotestonum, -i, n

intermediate - intermedius, -a, -um

propazin - Propazinum, -i, n

simple - simplex, -icis

against - contra adv. with ac.

antiasthmatic - antiasthmatics, -a, -um

duct - ductus, -us, m

anus - (see anus)

straight - rectus, -a, -um

bubble - vesica, -ae, f

puncture - punctio, -onis, f

motherwort - Leonurus, -i, m

wheat - Triticum, -i, n

P

divorced - dilutus, -a, -um

extensor - (see extensor muscle)

softening of the bones - osteomalacia, -ae, f

muscle softening - myomalacia, -ae, f

softening of the spinal cord - myelomalacia, -ae, f

incision - sectio, -onis, f

gap - raptura, -ae, f

early - praecox, -ocis

bronchial dissection - bronchotomia, -ae, f

eyelid dissection - blepharotomia, -ae, f

bone dissection - osteotomia, -ae, f

muscle dissection - myotomia, -ae, f

corneal incision - keratotomia, -ae, f

scattered - disseminatus, -a, -um

voice disorder - dysphonia, -ae, f

disorder of the motor function of an organ - dyskinesia, -ae, f

urination disorder - dysuria, -ae, f

memory disorder - dysmnesia, -ae, f

tissue malnutrition - dystrophia, -ae, f

body reactivity disorder - dysergia, -ae, f

solution -solutio, -onis, f

soluble - solubilis, -e

extended - dilatatus, -a, -um

costal - costalis, -e

rib - costa, -ae, f

rhubarb - Rheum, -i, n

rheumatic - rheumaticus, -a, -um

resection - resectio, -onis, f

x-ray - roentgenum, -i, n

x-ray examination of the vagina - colpographia, -ae, f

X-ray examination of the bladder - cystography, -ae, f

x-ray examination of blood vessels - angiography, -ae, f

x-ray examination of the joints - arthrographia, -ae, f

retinol - Retinolum, -i, n

trellised - cribrosus, -a, -um (having numerous small holes); ethmoidalis, -e (composed of cells; pertaining to the ethmoid bone)

ribonuclease - Ribonucleasum, -i, n

riboflavin - Riboflavinum, -i, n

rhinitis - rhinitis, -idis, f

rhinoscopy - rhinoscopia, -ae, f

horn, horn - cornu, -us, n

cornea - cornea, -ae, f

fontanel - fonticulus, -i, m

chamomile - Chamomilla, -ae, f

Ronidasum - Ronidasum, -i, n

mouth - os, -oris, n

mercury - Hydrargyrum, -i, n

rutin - Rufmum, -i, n

С

salicylate - salicylas, -atis, m

sugar - Saccharum, -i, n

sugar - mellitus, -a, -um

collection - species, -erum, f

fresh - recens, -ntis,

candle - suppositorium, -i, n

candles - suppository

candles "Anestezol" - "Anaesthesolum"

candles "Anuzol" - "Anusolum"

candles "Apilak" - "Apilacum"

lead - Plumbum, -i, n

free - liber, -era, -erum

vault - fornix, -icis, m

ligament - ligamentum, -i, n

flexor - (see flexor muscle)

seborrhea - seborrhoea, -ae, f

sedalgin - Sedalginum, -i, n

saddle - sella, -ae, f

spleen - splen, splenis, m (= lien, lienis, m)

family - familiaris, -e

seed - semen, -mis, n

deferent - deferens, -ntis

senna - Senna, -ae, f

septic - septicus, -a, -um

sulfur - Sulfur, -uris, n

cardiac - cardiacus, -a, -um

heart - cor, cordis, n

silver - Argentum, -i, n

reticulate - reticularis, -e

network - rete, -is, n

symptomatic - symptomaticus, -a, -um

syndactylia - syndactylia, -ae, f

syndrome - syndromum, -i, n

synovial - synovialis, -e

sine - sinus, -us, m

sinestrol - Synoestrolum, -i, n

syrup - sirupus, -i, m

system - systema, -atis, n

turpentine - oleum (-i) Terebinthinae

fold - plica, -ae, f

sclerosis - sclerosis, -is, f

bottle - vitrum, -I, n

how much you need - quantum satis

accumulation of water in the fallopian tube - hydrosalpinx, -ngis, f

accumulation of water in the ureter - hydroureter, -eris, m

accumulation of air in the peritoneal cavity - pneumoperitoneum, -i, n

accumulation of air in the pleural cavity - pneumothorax, -acis, m

accumulation of pus in the fallopian tube - pyosalpinx, -ngis, f

accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity - pyothorax, -acis, m

accumulation of pus in the uterine cavity - pyometra, -ae, f

accumulation of bile in the pleural cavity - biliothorax, -acis, m

accumulation of blood in the fallopian tube - haematosalpinx, -ngis, f

accumulation of blood in the cavity of the eye - haemophfhalmus, -i, m

accumulation of blood in the uterine cavity - haematometra, -ae, f

accumulation of blood in the spinal cord - haematomyelia, -ae, f

accumulation of lymph in the pericardial cavity - chylopericardium, -i, n

accumulation of lymph in the pleural cavity - chylothorax, -acis, m

dementia - dementia, -ae, f

lacrimal - lacrimalis, -e

blind - caecus, -a, -um

slimy - mucosus, -a, -um

complex - compositus, -a, -um

auditory - acusticus, -a, -um (associated with the perception of sound, auditory sensations); auditorius, -a, -um = auditlvus, -a, -um (referring to the organs of hearing: tuba auditoria = tuba auditiva)

salivary - salivatorius, -a, -um

mix - mixtio, -onis, f

mixed - mixtus, -a, -um

memory loss - hypomnesia, -ae, f

decreased reactivity of the body - hypergia, -ae, f

decreased secretion of gastric juice - hypochylia, -ae, f

decreased secretion of milk - hypogalactia, -ae, f

decreased secretion of saliva - hyposia, -ae, f

joint action of organs - synergia, -ae, f = synergismus, -i, m

connecting - communicans, -ntis (ramus, arteria); conjunctivus, -a, -um (tunica); connectivus, -a, -um (textus)

creating an anastomosis between the stomach and duodenum - gastroduodenostomia, -ae, f

creating an anastomosis between the gallbladder and the small intestine - cholecystoenterostomia, -ae, f

juice - succus, -i, m

solar - Solaris, -e

licorice - Glycyrrhiza, -ae, f

sleepy - caroticus, -a, -um

vessel - vas, vasis, n

mastoid - mastoideus, -a, -um

coulter - vomer, -eris, m

bronchospasm - bronchospasmus, -i, m

spasm of the pharynx - pharyngospasmus, -i, m

spasm of the cardiac opening of the stomach - cardiospasmus, -i, m

spasm of the esophagus - oesophagospasmus, -i, m

spasm of the rectum - proctospasmus, -i, m

vasospasm - angiospasmus, -i, m

spike - commissura, -ae, f

spastic - spasticus, -a, -um

back, back - dorsum, -i, n

spinal - spinalis, -e; cerebrospinalis, -e (liquor cerebrospinalis)

alcohol - spiritus, -us, m

ammonia - (see ammonia)

alcohol - spirituosus, -a, -um

plexus - plexus, -us, m

fusion of fingers - syndactylia, -ae, f

median - medianus, -a, -um

middle - medius, -a, -um

senile - senilis, -e

wall - paries, -etis, m

stenosis - stenosis, -is, f

column - columna, -ae, f

foot - pes, pedis, m

stirrup - stapes, edis, m

streptomycin - Streptomycinum, -i, n

streptocide - Streptocidum, -i, n

stroma - stroma, -atis, n

strophanthin - Strophanthinum, -i, n

sulfadimezin - Sulfadimezinum, -i, n

sulfalene - Sulfalenum, -i, n

sulfamonomethoxin - Sulfamonomemethoxinum, -i, n

sulfate - sulfas, -atis, m

sulfacyl - Sulfacylum, -i, n

sulfacyl sodium - Sulfacylum (-i) -natrium, -i, n

sulfite - sulfis, -it, -is, m

bag - bursa, -ae, f

vaginal suppositories - suppositoria vaginalia

vaginal suppositories "Contraceptin T" - "Contraceptinum T"

vaginal suppositories "Osarbon" - "Osarbonum"

suppository - suppositorium, -i, n

suprastin - Suprastin, -i, n

suspension - suspensio, -onis, f

joint - articulatio, -onis, f

articular - articularis, -e (related to the joint); glenoidalis, -e (referring to the glenoid cavity)

tendon - tendo, -inis, m

dry - siccus, -a, -um

sphincter - (see sphincter muscle)

Т

tablet - tabuletta, -ae, f

tablets - tabulettae

"Allochol" - "Allocholum"

"Pentalgin" - "Pentalginum"

"Pyramein" - "Pyrameinum"

"Tetravit" - "Tetravitum"

pelvis - pelvis, -is, f

such - talis, -e

tannin - Tanninum, -i, n

tachycardia - tachycardia, -ae, f

hard - durus, -a, -um

body - corpus, -oris, n

dark - niger, -gra, -gram

theobromine - Theobrominum, -i, n

theodibaverin - Theodibaverinum, -i, n

theophylline - Theophyllinum, -i, n

turpentine - Terebinthina, -ae, f

tetraborate - tetraboras, -atis, m

tetracycline - Tetracyclinum, -i, n

thiamine - Thiaminum, -i, n

thiopental - Thiopentalum, -i, n

thioproperazine - Thioproperazinum, -i, n

thiosulfate - thiosulfas, -atis, m

toxic - toxicus, -a, -um

bearberry - Uva(-ae)-ursi

punctate - punctatus, -a, -um

grass - herba, -ae, f

traumatic - traumaticus, -a, -um

transplantation - transplantatio, -onis, f

trepanation - trepanatio, -onis, f

triangular - triangularis, -e

three-headed - triceps, cipitis

trioxazine - Trioxazinum, -i, n

trigeminal - trigeminus, -a, -um (nervus trigeminus); trigeminal, -e (pertaining to the trigeminal nerve)

thrombus - thrombus, -i, m

thrombopenia - thrombopenia, -ae, f

trophic - trophicus, -a, -um

tuberculosis - tuberculosis, -is, f

tuberculous - tuberculosus, -a, -um

rear - dorsum, -i, n

back - dorsalis, -e

yarrow - Millefolium, -i, n

heavy - gravis, -e

У

angle - angulus, -i, m

coal - carbo, -onis, m

acne - acne, -es, f

removal of the stomach - gastrectomy, -ae, f

removal of the gallbladder - cholecystectomia, -ae, f

lung removal - pneumonectomy, -ae, f

removal of the mammary gland - mastectomia, -ae, f

removal of the cornea - keratectomia, -ae, f

joint removal - arthrectomia, -ae, f

retinaculum - retinaculum, -i, n

node - ganglion, -i, n (ganglion); nodus, -i, m (lymph node; node of the conduction system of the heart)

knot - nodulus, -i, m

snail - cochlearis, -e

use - usus, -us, m

urosulfan - Urosulfanum, -i, n

sedative - sedatlvus, -a,um

mouth - ostium, -i, n

ear - auris, -is, f

ear - auricularis, -e

Ф

phalanx - phalanx, -ngis, f

fascia - fascia, -ae, f

phenacetin - Phenacetinum, -i, n

phenylin - Phenylinum, -in

phenyl salicylate - Phenylii salicylas (-atis)

phenobarbital - Phenobarbitalum, -i, n

phenoxymethylpenicillin - Phenoxymethylpenicillmum, -i, n

fibrous - fibrosus, -a, -um

fibroma - fibroma, -atis, n

physiological - physiologicus, -a, -um

fixation of the gallbladder - cholecystopexia, -ae, f

fixation of the rectum - proctopexia, -ae, f

fixation of the spleen - splenopexia, -ae, f

fistula - fistula, -ae, f

phlebitis - phlebitis, -idis, f

florenal - Florenalum, -i, n

folliculin - Folliculinum, -i, n

phosphate - phosphas, -atis, m

fosfestrol - Phosphoestrolum, -i, n

fluoride - phthoridum, -i, n

fluorocort - Phthorocort, -i, n

functional - functionalis, -e

furatsilin - Furacilinum, -i, n

Х

cheilitis - cheilitis, -idis, f

quinine - Chininum, -i, n

chinosol - Chinosolum, -i, n

cholemia - cholaemia, -ae, f

cholecystitis - cholecystitis, -idis, f

cholecystography - cholecystographia, -ae, f

chloride - chloridum, -i, n

chlorophyllipt - Chlorophylliptum, -i, n

chloroform - Chloroformium, -i, n

chronic - chronicus, -a, -um

lens - lens, lentis, f

cartilage - cartilago, -mis, f; tarsus, -i, m (eyelid cartilage)

cartilaginous - cartilagineus, -a, -um

Ц

flower - flos, floris, -m

central - centralis, -e

zinc - Zincum, -I, n

cystography - cystography, -ae, f

cystotomy - cystotomia, -ae, f

citral - Citralum, -I, n

citrate - citras, -atis, m

Ч

tea, tea plant - Thea, -ae, f

partial - partialis, -e

part - pars, partis, f

upper jaw - maxilla, -ae, f

lower jaw - mandibula, -ae, f

worm-like - vermiformis, -e

worm - vermis, -is, m

skull - cranium, -i, n

cranial - cranialis, -e

quadriceps - quadriceps, cipitis

scaly - squamosus, -a, -um

number - numerus, -i, m

Ш

sage - Salvia, -ae, f

neck - cervix, -icis, f (narrowed part of an anatomical formation that does not have a head); collum, -i, n (narrowed part of the anatomical formation between its head and body)

cervical - cervicalis, -e

neck - cervix, -icis, f = collum, -i, n

wild rose - Rosa, -ae, f

broadest - latissimus, -a, -um

suture - sutura, -ae, f (bone suture of the skull); raphe, -es, f (suture in soft tissues)

syringe-tube - spritz-tubulus, -i, m

Щ

gap - fissura, -ae, f (narrow deep furrow or narrow space separating adjacent structures); hiatus, -us, n (slit-like opening); rima, -ae, f (narrow long hole between two symmetrical formations)

thyroid - thyroideus, -a, -um

Э

eucalyptus - Eucalyptus, -i, f

exostosis - exostosis, -is, f

exophthalmos - exophthalmus, -i, m

exudate - exsudatum, -i, n

exudative - exsudatlvus, -a, -um

extirpation - exstirpatio, -onis, f

extract - extractum, -i, n

embolism - embolia, -ae, f

embryonic - embryonalis, -e

empyema - empyema, -atis, n

emulsion - emulsum, -i, n

emphysema - emphysema, -atis, n

endocarditis - endocarditis, -idis, f

enteropathy - enteropathia, -ae, f

encephalitis - encephalitis, -idis, f

encephalopathy - encephalopathia, -ae, f

epilepsy - epilepsia, -ae, f

estradiol - Oestradiolum, -i, n

etazol - Aethazolum, -i, n

ethacridine - Aethacridinum, -i, n

ethamid - Aethamidum, -i, n

etaminal sodium - Aethaminalum (-i) -natrium, -i, n

ethylmorphine - Aethylmorphinum, -i, n

ethyl - aethylcus, -a, -um

eufillin - Euphyllinum, -i, n

ephedrine - Ephedrinum, -i, n

ether - aether, -eris, m

Ю

youthful - juvenilis, -e

Я

gluteal - gluteus, -a, -um (museums); glutealis, -e (pertaining to musculus gluteus)

nuclear - nuclearis, -e

core - nucleus, -i, m

ulcer - ulcus, -ens, n

ulcerative - ulcerosus, -a, -um

language - lingua, -ae, f

tongue - lingula, -ae, f (wedge-shaped tongue of the cerebellum, lung, lower jaw); uvula, -ae, f (uvula, worm, bladder)

ovary - ovarium, -i, n

fossa - fossa, -ae, f (large deep fossa of irregular shape); fovea, -ae, f (small rounded pit)

Lecture No. 18. The Hippocratic Oath. Hippocratis jus jurandum

Per Apollinem medicum et Aesculapium, Hygiamque et Panaceam jure, deos deasque omnes testes citans, mepte viribus et judicio meo hos jusjurandum et banc stipulationem plene praestaturum.

Illum nempe parentum meorum loco habiturum spondeo, qui me artem istam douit, eique alimenta impertiturum, et quibuscunque opus habuerit, suppeditaturum.

Victus etiam rationem pro virili et ingenio meo aegris salutarem praescripturum a perniciosa vera et improba eosdem prohibiturum. Nullius praeterea precibus adductus, mortiferum medicamentum cuique propinabo, neque huius rei consilium dabo. Caste et sancte colam et artera meam.

Quaecumque vero in vita hominum sive medicinam factitans, sive non, vel videro, vel audivero, quae in vulgus efferre non decet, ea relicebo non secus atque arcana fidei meae commissa.

Quod si igitur hocce jusjurandum fideliter servem, neque violem, contingat et prospero successu tarn in vita, quam in arte mea fruar et gloriam immortalem gentium consequar. Sine autem id transgrediar et pejerem contraria hisce mihi eveniant.

In ancient Greece, the custom was widespread, according to which officials took an oath (oath) in the honest performance of official duties. The ethical norms that a doctor had to follow in his work are set out in the oath of medical workers, which most researchers associate with the name of Hippocrates.

In medical circles, the custom has survived to this day to take an oath in observance of high moral principles. The text of the oath has somewhat changed according to historical conditions, but even in its modern editions the spirit of the ancient medical oath, its ethical orientation, has been preserved. The text below is given according to the translation of V. I. Rudnev with some abbreviations.

Lecture No. 19. Professional medical expressions in Latin

Absente aegroto (consilium) - (Consilium) in the absence of the patient

Ad usum externum - For external use

Ad usum internum - For internal use

Anamnesis morbid - Information about the disease

Anamnesis vitae - Information about life

Casus extraordinarius - An unusual case

Casus ordinaries - Ordinary case

Cito! - Fast, urgent!

Diagnosis certa - A definite diagnosis

Diagnosis dubia - Doubtful diagnosis

Diagnosis ex juvantibus - Diagnosis on the basis of helping (sick) means

Diagnosis ex observatione - Diagnosis based on observation

Diagnosis praecox - Preliminary diagnosis

Dosis pro cursu - Dose per course of treatment

Dosis pro die - Dose per day, daily dose

Dosis pro dosi - Single dose, single dose

Ex tempore - At the right time, as required

Exitus letalis - Fatal outcome

Facies hippocratica - Hippocratic face (the face of a dying man, described by Hippocrates)

Functio laesa - Broken function

Habitus aegroti - Appearance of the patient

In observatione - When observing

In vitro - (Experiment) in laboratory conditions (lit. in a test tube, vessel)

In vivo - (Experiment) on a living organism

Locus minoris resistentiae - Place of least resistance

Ninil pathologicum - No abnormalities

Per os - Through the mouth

Per rectum - Through the rectum

Per se - In its purest form

Per vaginam - Through the vagina

Per vias naturals - Natural way

Post mortem - Posthumously

Post mortem medicina - Treatment after death (ironic)

Post partum - After childbirth

Praesente aegroto (consilium) - (Consilium) in the presence of the patient

Pro analysi - For analysis

Pro diagnosi - For diagnosis

Pro narcosi - For anesthesia

Prognosis bona - Good forecast

Prognosis dubia - Doubtful forecast

Prognosis mala - Bad prognosis

Prognosis optima - Best forecast

Prognosis pessima - Worst prognosis

Quantum satis - How much do you need

Sanatio per primam intentionem - Healing by primary intention

Sanatio per secundam intentionem - Healing by second intention

Statim! - Immediately!

Status communis - General status

Status localis - Local status

Status naturalis - Natural state

Status praesens aegroti - The present state of the patient

Lecture No. 20. Standard Latin expressions found in scientific, political and fiction

Ab origine - From the beginning, from the beginning

Ad absurdum - (Reduction) to an absurd conclusion

Ad hoc - For the occasion

Ad hominem - Applied to a person

Ad infinitum - To infinity

Ad maximum - To the highest degree

Ad oculos - Clearly (lit. before the eyes)

Ad patres - To the forefathers

Ad rem - On the merits

Aequo animo - Calmly, indifferently

Alma mater - Mother-nurse (figurative name of the higher school by its graduates)

Alter ego - Second "I"

Anni currentis (ac) - This (current) year

Anno Domini (AD) - In the summer of the Lord, in such and such a year

Ante Christum natum; - From Christmas

Ante Christum (A.Ch.) - Before Christmas

A posteriori - Based on experience

A priori - Before experience, speculative

Aurea mediocritas - Golden mean

Casus belli - Reason for declaring war

Ceteris paribus - Other things being equal

Circulus vitiosus - Vicious circle (bringing as evidence of what needs to be proven)

Conditio sine qua non - Mandatory condition

Consensus omnium - General agreement

Contra spem - Contrary to expectation

Cum grano salis - With a grain of salt, witty

Curriculum vitae - Life path

De facto - in fact, in fact

De jure - Legally

Donum auctoris - Gift of the author

Dura necessitas - Dire need

Eo ipso - Thus, because of this

Et cetera (etc.) - And so on

Ex libris - From books (such and such)

Ex necessitate - As needed

Ex officio - Out of duty, out of duty

Ex promptu - Without prior preparation, impromptu

Exempli gratia (eg) - For example

Fac simile - Accurate reproduction (lit. do it like that)

Homo sapiens - Man as a rational being

Honoris causa - For merit

Id est (ie) - That is

In brevi - Briefly

In corpore - In full force, as a whole

In extremis - As a last resort

In medias res - To the very essence

In optima forma - In the best possible way

In situ - At the location

In statu nascendi - In the state of origin, at the moment of formation

In statu praesenti - In the present state

In statu quo ante - In the same position

In summa - As a result

In toto - In general

Inter collegas (colloquium) - (Conversation) between colleagues

Lapsus calami - Misspelling (lit. pen error)

Lapsus linguae - Slip of the tongue (lit. language error)

Lapsus memoriae - Forgetfulness (lit. memory error)

Lege artis - According to all the rules, masterfully (literally, according to the rule of art)

Loco citato (loc. cit.) - At the place mentioned

Manu scriptum - Manuscript (lit. written by hand)

Modus vivendi - Lifestyle

Mutatis mutandis - By making the necessary changes

Natura rerum - The nature of things

Ne quid nimis! - Nothing extra!

Nihil supra - Nothing beyond

Non licet - Unacceptable, impermissible

Nota bene! (NB!) - Pay attention (lit. notice well)

Opere citato (op. cit.) - In the titled work

Pars pro toto - A part instead of a whole

Per fas et nefas - By hook or by crook

Perpetuum mobile - Perpetuum mobile

Persona grata - A person who enjoys a special location; accredited diplomatic representative

Persona non grata - An unwanted person; diplomatic representative unwanted by the state

Pia desideria - Good Wishes

Post factum - Backdating (literally after what was done)

Post scriptum (PS) - Postscript (lit. after written)

Primus inter pares - First among equals

Pro domo suo - In your own interests (lit. for your house)

Pro et contra - For and against

Pro forma - For appearance, for the sake of form

Propria manu - With one's own hand, with one's own hand

Sancta sanctorum - Holy of Holies

Sensu largo - In a broad sense

Sensu stricto - In a narrow sense

Sine causa - No reason

Sine dubio - Without a doubt

Sine ira et studio - Without prejudice, without anger and passion

Sine mora - Without delay

Sine spe - Without hope

Sui generic

Status quo - existing situation

Status quo ante - Former state

Tabula rasa - Something untouched (lit. blank slate)

Terra incognita - Unknown area of ​​​​knowledge (lit. unknown land)

Ultima ratio - The final argument

Vademecum (Vade mecum) - Directory, guide

Veto - Prohibition (literally I forbid)

Volens nolens - Willy-nilly

Lecture No. 21. Exercises for self-preparation

1. Recipe: Tincturae Belladonnae 10ml

Da Signa

2. Recipe: Tincturae Leonuri 30 ml

Da Signa

3. Recipe: Extracti Frangulae fluidi 25 ml

Da Signa

4. Recipe: Suspensionis Griseofulvini 100 ml

Detur. Signature.

5. Recipe: Infusi fructuum Anisi 15,0 - 200 ml

Detur. Signature.

6. Recipe: Pulveris radicis Rhei 0,5

Da tales doses numero 12 Signa.

7. Recipe: Infusi foliorum Salviae 10,0 - 200 ml

Detur. Signature.

8. Recipe: Foliorum Farfarae 50,0

Detur. Signature.

9. Recipe: Emulsi olei Ricini 180,0

Sirupi Sacchari ad 200,0

Miss. Da. signa.

10. Recipe: Olei Vaselini 100 ml

Olei Menthae guttas II

Miss. Da. signa.

11. Recipe: Chloroformii 2 ml

Tincturae Valerianae

Spiritus aethylici 95% ana 10 ml

Misceatur. Detur. Signature.

12. Recipe: Tincturae Convallariae

Tincturae Valerianae ana 10 ml

Solutionis Nitroglycerini 1% 1ml

Validoli 2ml

Misceatur. Detur. Signature.

13 Recipe: Corticis Frangulae

Foliorum Urticae ana 15,0

Foliorum Menthae piperitae 10,0

Radicis Valerianae 5,0

Misce, fiant species

Da Signa

14. Recipe: Chloroformii

Olei Helianthi ana 20 ml

Misce, fiat linimentum

Da Signa

15. Recipe: Infusi foliorum Sennae 10,0 - 150 ml

Sirupi Rhei 30ml

Miss. Da. signa.

16. Recipe: Protargoli 0,2

Glycerini 5,0

Aquae destillatae 15ml

Misceatur. Detur. Signature.

17. Recipe: Tincturae Crataegi 25ml

Da Signa

Translate recipes into Latin

1. Take: lily of the valley herbs 10,0

Give. Designate.

2. Take: rhubarb syrup 300 ml

Issue. Designate.

3. Take: birch buds 30,0

Let it be issued. Let it be marked.

4. Take: aloe juice 100 ml

Issue in a dark bottle. Designate.

5. Take: suprastin solution 2% 1 ml

Give out such doses in number of 6 in ampoules. Designate.

6. Take: camphor solution in oil 10% for external use 10 ml

Give. Designate.

7. Take: decoction of bearberry leaves 10,0 - 180 ml

Give. Designate.

8. Take: lemongrass tincture 50 ml

Give. Designate.

9. Take: motherwort herb infusion 15,0 - 200 ml

Issue. Designate.

10. Take: complex turpentine liniment 80 ml

Let it be issued.

Let it be marked.

11. Take: decoction of oak bark 20,0 - 200 ml

Give. Designate.

12. Take: sunflower oil emulsions 100 ml

Give. Designate.

13. Take: infusion of nettle leaves 15,0 - 200 ml

Give. Designate.

14. Take: liquid extract of aloe 1 ml

Issue such doses in number 10 in ampoules.

Designate.

15. Take: anti-asthma collection 50,0

Give. Designate.

16. Take: breast collection 50,0

Give. Designate.

17. Take: choleretic collection 100,0

Issue. Designate.

18. Take: diuretic collection 50,0

Let it be issued. Let it be marked.

19. Take: marshmallow root infusion 3,0 - 100 ml, marshmallow syrup 20 ml

Mix. Issue. Designate.

20. Take: bitter tincture, rhubarb tincture, 15 ml each.

Mix. Give. Designate.

21. Take: digitalis leaf powder 0,05, sugar 0,3

Mix to make a powder.

Give out such doses in the number of 12.

Designate.

22. Take: marshmallow root, licorice root, flax seed 10,0 each, anise fruit 5,0, eucalyptus leaves 2,5.

Mix, let's get a collection

Give. Designate.

23. Take: menthol 0,1, peach oil 10,0

Mix. Give. Designate.

24. Take: castor oil 20 ml, xeroform 1,2, vinylin 1,0

Mix to make liniment

Give. Designate.

25. Take: menthol 0,2, belladonna tincture, 5 ml lily of the valley tincture, 2% nitroglycerin solution 2 ml

Mix. Give. Designate.

26. Take: St. John's wort 20,0, sage leaves 30,0, peppermint leaves 10,0

Mix. Give. Designate.

27. Take: buckthorn bark 30,0, nettle leaves 20,0, yarrow herb 10,0

Mix, let it be a collection.

Give. Designate.

28. Take: plantaglucid granules 50,0

Let it be issued.

Let it be marked.

29. Take: lily of the valley tincture, valerian tincture 10 ml each, hawthorn liquid extract 5 ml, menthol 0,1.

Mix. Issue. Designate.

Author: Shtun A.I.

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