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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Who Invented the Bicycle? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? Who Invented the Bicycle? If we try to trace the origin of the bicycle, we will probably have to go back thousands of years to the land of Ancient Egypt. There is evidence that the Egyptians already had some kind of two-wheeled mechanism that was set in motion by the rider's feet. But the appearance of the first models of bicycles for wide practical use can be dated back to 1817. It was then in Germany that Baron von Dresz presented to the public a mechanism that he called the "trolley" in his honor. The two wheels of the trolley were connected by a wooden bar. The rider transferred part of the body weight to a wooden stop in front of him and moved the trolley forward, pushing off the ground alternately with his left and right legs. He controlled the trolley by turning the handle mounted on the axle of the front wheel. This mechanism was nicknamed "dandy horse" (first-class horse) for its high price. By the way, the English king George IV loved to ride on it! Around 1840, the Scotsman Macmillan took an old "dandy horse" and put levers on the axle of the rear wheel. They were connected by drive rods to the pedals. He drove it so fast that he was even arrested for "driving crazy"! The name "bicycle" ("bicycle") first appeared in 1865, when the Frenchman Lalemin attached levers and pedals to the front wheel of a mechanism very similar to the "dandy horse". These bikes were jokingly nicknamed "clunkers" because they had heavy wooden frames and iron rims that shook when ridden. In 1868, light metal wheels with wire spokes and massive rubber tires came into use. All of these bikes had the same wheel size. Shortly thereafter, a new type of bicycle appeared - with a large front wheel. As it improved, the front wheel got bigger and bigger. As a result, one revolution of the pedals attached to the axle propelled the bike a greater distance. In some models, the front wheel reached a diameter of 1,5 meters or even more, while the rear wheel was only 30 centimeters. The rider was located above the huge front wheel, and if he lacked the dexterity to stay in the saddle, the walk could end with a fall head first! And finally, around 1885, the modern "safe bicycle" appeared. In this model, the wheels were the same size, and the seat was located slightly forward of the rear wheel. The sprocket on the pedals was made much larger than on the rear wheel, and so with each turn of the pedals, the rear wheel covered the same distance as the unsafe large front wheel in previous models. Subsequent improvements finally gave the bike a modern look. Author: Likum A.
Why are sunsets crimson? Unforgettable crimson sunsets, warm iridescent colors - it's hard to imagine a more impressive picture. But sometimes, looking at all this, we say: "What a crimson sun!" In fact, we know that the Sun itself did not become red and did not change at all. It just looks like this at certain times of the day. At the same time, for a person living several thousand kilometers to the west, the Sun does not look crimson or red at all. The color of the sunset is influenced by the layer of air through which the sun's ray passes. The lower the Sun, the more atmospheric layer the sunlight has to overcome. But first, let's remember that sunlight is a combination of all colors. Usually this combination of colors is perceived by us as white. But in the atmosphere there are particles of dust, water vapor and other impurities. When a beam of light passes through the atmosphere, different colors are scattered by these particles. In the atmosphere, purple, blue, and green diffuse better than red and yellow. When the Sun is low on the horizon, more reds and yellows are left in the atmosphere as a result of scattering, which is why the sunset looks reddish to us. By the way, the blue color of the sky is also due to the scattering of light. Violet and blue have short wavelengths and are scattered by the atmosphere ten times more actively than the waves of the red part of the spectrum. This means that red rays pass through the atmosphere, while blue rays are scattered in the air by water and dust particles. When we look up, it is the scattered light that gives the sky its blue color.
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