Lecture number 2. Alphabet. Phonetics. Reading vowels. Features of reading consonants. Pronunciation of letters. Stress Rules

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1. Remember the styles and names of the letters of the Latin alphabet.

2. Learn to pronounce the sounds that are indicated by these letters.

3. Letter and sound are not the same thing. Do not change these concepts.

1. Alphabet

The Latin alphabet, which is used in modern textbooks, reference books and dictionaries, consists of 25 letters.

Below is the traditional reading of Latin letters, adopted in Russian educational practice.

Table 1. Latin alphabet

With a capital letter in Latin, proper names, names of months, peoples, geographical names and adjectives derived from them are written. In pharmaceutical terminology, it is customary to write the names of plants and medicinal substances with a capital letter.

Notes

1. Most of the letters of the Latin alphabet are pronounced the same as in various Western European languages, however, some letters in these languages ​​are called differently than in Latin; for example, the letter h is called "ha" in German, "ash" in French, "h" in English, and "ha" in Latin. The letter j in French is called "zhi", in English - "jay", and in Latin - "iot". The Latin letter "c" in English is called "si", etc.

2. It must be borne in mind that the same letter can denote an unequal sound in these languages. For example, the sound indicated by the letter g is pronounced in Latin as [g], and in French and English before e, i - as [g] or [j]; in English j is read as [j].

3. Latin spelling is phonetic, it reproduces the actual pronunciation of sounds. Compare: lat. latina [latina], eng. latin [laetin] - Latin.

The difference is especially noticeable when comparing vowels in Latin and English. In Latin, almost all vowels are always pronounced the same as the corresponding vowels in Russian.

4. As a rule, names not from the Latin language, but from other languages ​​(Greek, Arabic, French, etc.) are latinized, that is, they are drawn up in accordance with the rules of phonetics and grammar of the Latin language.

2. Reading vowels (and consonant j)

"E e" reads like [e]: vertebra [ve'rtebra] - vertebra, medianus [media'nus] - median.

Unlike Russians, no Latin consonants soften before the sound [e]: anterior [ante'rior] - front, arteria [arte'ria] - artery.

"I i" reads like [and]: inferior [infe'rior] - lower, internus [inte'rnus] - internal.

At the beginning of a word or syllable, before vowels, i is read as a voiced consonant [th]: iugularis [yugula'ris] - jugular, iunctura [yunktu'ra] - connection, maior [ma'yor] - big, iuga [yu'ga] - elevation.

In these positions, in modern medical terminology, instead of i, the letter J j is used - yot: jugularis [yugula'ris], juncture [yunktu'ra], major [ma'yor], juga [yu'ga].

The letter j is not written only in words borrowed from the Greek language, since there was no sound [th] in it: iatria [ia'triya] - healing, iodum [io'dum] - iodine.

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To convey the sounds [ya], [yo], [ye], [yu], combinations of letters ja, jo, je, ju are used.

Y y (upsilon), in French "y", reads like [and]: tympanum [ti'mpanum] - drum; gyrus [gi'rus] - convolution of the brain. The letter "upsilon" is used only in words of Greek origin. It was introduced by the Romans to convey the letter of the Greek alphabet upsilon, which was read as German [and]. If the Greek word was written through i (Greek iota), read as [and], then it was transcribed into Latin through i.

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In order to correctly write medical terms, you need to know some of the most common Greek prefixes and roots in which "upsilon" is written:

dys [dis-] - a prefix that gives the term the meaning of a violation, a disorder of function: dysostosis (dys + osteon - "bone") - dysostosis - a disorder of bone formation;

hypo [hypo-] - "under", "below": hypoderma (hypo + derma - "skin") - hypodermis - subcutaneous tissue, hypogastrium (hypo- + gaster - "stomach", "stomach") - hypogastrium - hypogastrium;

hyper [hyper-] - "above", "over": hyperostosis (hyper + osteon - "bone") - hyperostosis - pathological growth of unchanged bone tissue;

syn-, sym [syn-, sym-] - "with", "together", "together": synostosis (syn + osteon - "bone") - synostosis - connection of bones through bone tissue;

mu (o) [myo-] - the root of the word, indicating the relationship to the muscles: myologia (myo + logos - "word", "teaching") - myology - the doctrine of muscles;

phys [phys-] - the root of the word, indicating in anatomical terms the relation to something growing in a certain place: diaphysis - diaphysis (in osteology) - the middle part of the tubular bone.

3. Diphthongs (digraphs)

In addition to simple vowels [a], [e], [i], [o], [i], in Latin there were also two-vowel sounds (diphthongs) ae, oe, ai, her. In the classical era, they were all pronounced with a non-syllabic second element. Later, the diphthongs ae [from ai] and oe [from oi] began to be pronounced as one sound, that is, they turned into monophthongs represented by two letters, the so-called digraphs.

Digraph ae reads like [e]: vertebrae [ve'rtebre] - vertebrae, peritonaeum [peritone'um] - peritoneum.

The digraph oe is read as [e], more precisely, like the German o or French oe: foetor [fetor] - bad smell.

In most cases, the diphthongs ae and oe, found in medical terms, served to render in Latin the Greek diphthongs ai and oi. For example: oedema [ede'ma] - edema, oesophagus [eso'fagus] - esophagus.

If in combinations ae and oe the vowels belong to different syllables, that is, they do not constitute a diphthong, then a separation sign (``) is placed above e and each vowel is pronounced separately: diploe [diploe] - diploe - spongy substance of the flat bones of the skull; aёr [air] - air.

The diphthong au reads like [ay]: auris [au'ris] - ear. The diphthong eu reads like [eu]: ple'ura [ple'ura] - pleura, neurocranium [neurocranium] - brain skull.

4. Features of reading consonants

A double reading of the letter "C with" is accepted: as [k] or [c].

How [k] is read before the vowels a, o, and, before all consonants and at the end of the word: caput [ka'put] - head, head of bones and internal organs, cubitus [ku'bitus] - elbow, clavicula [klyavi'kulya ] - clavicle, crista [kri'sta] - crest.

How [ts] is read before the vowels e, i, y and the digraphs ae, oe: cervicalis [cervika'lis] - cervical, incisure [incizu'ra] - tenderloin, coccyngeus [koktsinge'us] - coccygeal, coelia [tse'lia ] - abdomen.

"Н h" is read as Ukrainian sound [g] or German [h] (haben): homo [homo] - man, hnia'tus [gna'tus] - gap, cleft, humerus [gume'rus] - humerus.

"To k" is very rare, almost exclusively in words of non-Latin origin, in cases where you need to keep the sound [k] before the sounds [e] or [and]: kyphosis [kypho'zis] - kyphosis, kinetocytus [kinetocytus ] - kinetocyte - mobile cell (words of Greek origin). Exception: kalium [ka'lium] (Arabic) - potassium and some other words.

"L l" is always read softly, as in French and German: labium [la'bium] - lip, lumbalis [lumba'lis] - lumbar, pelvinus [pelvi'nus] - pelvic.

"S s" has a double reading - [s] or [s]. How [s] is read in most cases: sulcus [su'lkus] - furrow, os sacrum [os sa'krum] - sacrum, sacral bone; dorsum [do'rsum] - back, back, rear. How [h] is read in a position between vowels: incisura [incizu'ra] - tenderloin, vesica [vezi'ka] - bubble. Double s reads like [s]: fossa [fo'csa] - pit, ossa [o'ssa] - bones, processus [proce'ssus] - process. In the position between vowels and consonants m, n in words of Greek origin, s is read as [h]: chiasma [chia'zma] - cross, platysma [plyati'zma] - subcutaneous muscle of the neck.

"X x" is called a double consonant, since it represents the sound combination [ks]: radix [ra'dix] is the root, extremitas [ekstre'mitas] is the end.

"Z z" is found in words of Greek origin and reads like [h]: zygomaticus [zygoma'ticus] - zygomatic, trapezius [trapezius] - trapezoidal.

5. Pronunciation of letter combinations

The letter "Q q" occurs only in combination with u before vowels, and this combination is read as [kv]: squama [squa'me] - scales, quadratus [quadra'tus] - square.

The letter combination ngu is read in two ways: before vowels as [ngv], before consonants - [ngu]: lingua [li'ngva] - language, lingula [li'ngulya] - tongue, sanguis [sa'ngvis] - blood, angulus [angu' lux] - angle.

The combination of ti before vowels reads like [qi]: rotatio [rota'tsio] - rotation, articulatio [articulatio'tsio] - joint, eminentia [emine'ntsia] - elevation.

However, ti before vowels in the combinations sti, xti, tti is read as [ti]: ostium [o'stium] - hole, entrance, mouth, mixtio [mi'kstio] - mixture.

6. Digraphs ch, ph, rh, th

In words of Greek origin, there are digraphs ch, ph, rh, th, which are graphic signs for conveying the corresponding sounds of the Greek language. Each digraph is read as one sound:

ch = [x]; ph = [f]; rh = [p]; th = [t]: nucha [nu'ha] - neck, chorda [chord] - chord, string, phalanx [fa'lanks] - phalanx; apophysis [apophysis] - apophysis, process; thorax [to'rax] - chest notch, rhaphe [ra'fe] - seam.

The letter combination sch reads like [cx]: os ischii [os i'shii] - ischium, ischiadicus [ischia'dicus] - ischium.

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The Latin transcription of words of Greek origin depends on the sound-letter correspondences in Latin and Greek.

7. Rules for setting stress

1. The stress is never placed on the last syllable. In two-syllable words, it is placed on the first syllable.

2. In trisyllabic and polysyllabic words, the stress is placed on the penultimate or third syllable from the end.

The placement of stress depends on the duration of the penultimate syllable. If the penultimate syllable is long, then the stress falls on it, and if it is short, then the stress falls on the third syllable from the end.

Therefore, in order to place stress in words containing more than two syllables, it is necessary to know the rules for longitude or shortness of the penultimate syllable.

Two rules of longitude

Longitude of the penultimate syllable.

1. The syllable is long if it contains a diphthong: peritona'eum - peritoneum, perona'eus - peroneal (nerve), dia'eta - diet.

2. A syllable is long if a vowel comes before two or more consonants, as well as before the double consonants x and z. This longitude is called longitude by position. For example: colu'mna - column, pillar, exte'rnus - external, labyri'nthus - labyrinth, medu'lla - brain, medulla, maxi'lla - upper jaw, metaca'rpus - metacarpus, circumfle'xus - envelope.

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If the vowel of the penultimate syllable comes before the combination b, c, d, g, p, t with the letters l, r, then such a syllable remains short: ve'rtebra - vertebra, pa'lpebra - eyelid, tri'quetrus - trihedral. The combinations ch, ph, rh, th are considered one sound and do not create the length of the penultimate syllable: chole'dochus - bile.

8. Rule of brevity

A vowel before a vowel or h is always short. For example: tro'chlea - block, pa'ries - wall, o'sseus - bony, acro'mion - acromion (shoulder process), xiphoi'deus - xiphoid, peritendi'neum - peritendinium, pericho'ndrium - perichondrium.

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There are words to which the given rules of longitude and brevity of a syllable cannot be applied. This happens when only one consonant follows the vowel of the penultimate syllable. In some words, the penultimate syllable is short, in others it is long. In such cases, it is necessary to refer to the dictionary, where the length of the penultimate syllable is conventionally indicated by the superscript sign (-), and the brevity - by the sign (``).

In addition, it should be remembered that the adjective suffixes -al-, -ar-, -at-, -in-, -os are always long and, therefore, stressed. For example: orbita'lis - orbital, articula'ris - articular, hama'tus - hooked, pelvi'nus - pelvic, spino'sus - spinous. The suffix -ic- in adjectives is short and unstressed: ga'stricus - gastric, thora'cicus - chest.

Author: Shtun A.I.

<< Back: Introduction (Historical background. Special scientific concept. Definition. System of concepts and terminology. Medical terminology - system of systems. Pharmaceutical terminology. General cultural humanitarian meaning of the Latin language)

>> Forward: Grammar: Noun; system of declensions, dictionary form, gender. Management as a type of subordination (Types of declensions. The concept of the dictionary form of a noun. Definition of the practical basis. Determination of the gender of nouns. Determination of the gender of nouns ending in the nominative singular in -a, -um, -on, -en, -i, -us. III declension of nouns . Grammatical features of the masculine gender and the nature of the stems. General requirements for determining the grammatical gender in the III declension)

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