Latin for doctors. Chemical nomenclature in Latin. Names of chemical elements, acids, oxides (lecture notes)

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Latin for doctors. Chemical nomenclature in Latin. Names of chemical elements, acids, oxides (lecture notes)

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Lecture No. 13. Chemical nomenclature in Latin. Names of chemical elements, acids, oxides

All Latin names of chemical elements are nouns cf. R. II declension, with the exception of two: Sulfur, -uris (n) (III declension) - sulfur, Phosphorus, -i (m) (m) - phosphorus. Chemical symbols come from the Latin names of the elements and reflect their orthographic features: Ca - Calcium, K - Kalium, P - Phosphorus, Fe - Ferrum, etc.

Some elements in foreign publications have other Latin names: Na - Sodium, Hg - Mercurium, K - Potassium, etc.

1. Names of the most important chemical elements

You should remember the spelling of the following frequency segments with a chemical meaning: hydr- (Greek hydor - "water"), reflects the presence of hydrogen, water or a hydroxyl group: hydrocortisonum, -i (n) - hydrocortisone; hydrochloridum, -i (n) - hydrochloride; oh (y) - (Greek oxys - "sour"), denotes the presence of oxygen: oxylidinum, -i (n) - oxylidine; oxolinum, -i (n) - oxolin; peroxydum, -i (n) - peroxide.

2. Names of acids

Latin semi-systematic and trivial names of acids consist of the noun acidum, -i (n) - "acid" and the adjective of the 1st group agreed with it. The suffix -ic-um or -os-um is added to the basis of the name of the acid-forming element.

The suffix -ic- indicates the maximum degree of oxidation and corresponds in Russian adjectives to the suffixes -n-(aya), -ev-(aya) or -ov-(aya), for example: acidum sulfur-ic-um - ser-n-aya acid; acidum barbitur-ic-um - barbituric acid; acidum fol-ic-um - folic acid.

The suffix -os- indicates a low degree of oxidation and corresponds to the Russian adjective with the suffix -ist-(aya); for example: acidum sulfur-os-um - sulfuric acid; acidum nitros-um - nitrogen-ist acid.

Adjectives in the names of anoxic acids include the prefix hydro-, the basis of the name of the acid-forming element, and the suffix -ic-um. In the Russian nomenclature of medicines, this corresponds to the adjective with endings -hydrogenous (acid), for example: ac. hydro-brom-ic-um - hydrobromo-ic-hydrogen acid.

3. Names of oxides

The names of oxides consist of two words: the first is the name of the element (cation) in the genus. n. (inconsistent definition), the second - the group name of the oxide (anion) in them. pad. (inclined). The segment -oxy- indicates the presence of oxygen, and the prefixes specify the structure of the compound:

oxydum, -i (n) - oxide;

peroxydum, -i (n) - peroxide;

hydroxydum, -i (n) - hydroxide.

The Russian name also uses the same word order as in the international (Latin).

Examples of naming oxides:

4. Names of salts

The names of salts are formed from two nouns: the name of the cation, which comes first in the genus. etc., and the name of the anion, which is in second place in them. n. Some names of ethers are formed in the same way.

The names of anions are formed by adding the standard suffixes -as, -is, -idum to the roots of the Latin names of acids.

With the suffixes -as and -is they form the names of anions in salts of oxygen acids, and with the suffix -id-um - in salts of oxygen-free acids. The names of anions with suffixes -as, -is - nouns of the III declension m. (an exception to the gender rule), and the names of anions with the suffix -id-um are nouns of the second declension cf. R.

5. Names of anions

The names of anions of basic salts are formed with the prefix sub-, and the names of anions of acidic salts are formed with the prefix hydro-, for example: subgallas, -atis (m) - basic gallate; hydrocarbonas, -atis (f) - hydrocarbonate.

Examples of salt names

Magnii sulfas - magnesium sulfate.

Natrii nitris - sodium nitrate.

Platyphyllini hydrotartras - platyphyllin hydrotartrate.

Bismuthi subnitras is the main bismuth nitrate.

Hydrargyri cyanidum - mercury cyanide.

Cocaini hydrochloridum - cocaine hydrochloride.

6. Frequency segments in the names of hydrocarbon radicals

1. The names of hydrocarbon radicals formed with the suffix -yl- are usually part of a compound word - the name of a medicinal substance, for example: benzylpenicillinum, aethylmorphinum, acidum acetylsalicylicum.

2. You should remember the spelling of the following frequency segments with a chemical meaning, reflecting the presence of:

a) a methyl group;

b) ethyl group;

c) phenyl group;

d) benzene group.

3. Very rarely the names of radicals act as independent words. In this case, they end in -ium, -ii (n), for example: methylii salicylas - methyl salicylate (methyl ester of salicylic acid); phenylii salicylas - phenyl salicylate (phenyl ester of salicylic acid); amylii nitris - amyl nitrite (isoamyl ester of nitrous acid). These names of ethers in Latin consist of two words, and in Russian they consist of one.

7. Numerals. Adverbs. Pronouns, cardinal and ordinal numbers from 1 to 15

In Latin, cardinal numbers do not affect the case of their nouns. Of the cardinal numbers, only unus, a, um are declined; duo, duae, duo; tres, tria.

Ordinal numbers agree and decline like adjectives of the 1st group (according to declension I and II). In the anatomical nomenclature, they are found in the names of the fingers and the fourth ventricle of the brain. In histological nomenclature and clinical terminology, numerals-adjectives derived from ordinal numbers are commonly used: primarius, a, um - primary; secundarius, a, um - secondary.

Roman numerals denote: in anatomy - pairs of nerves, ribs, vertebrae, fingers, bones of the metacarpus and metatarsus; in the clinic - the stage of the disease; in the recipe - the number of drops if the ingredient is added in a dose of less than 1 ml.

8. Numerals-prefixes of Latin and Greek origin

A number of medical terms are formed with the help of prefixes. Numerals prefixes of Latin origin prevail in the anatomical nomenclature, and Greek - in clinical terminology and in the nomenclature of medicines.

9. Adverbs

Adverbs are of two types according to the method of formation:

1) independent adverbs, for example: statim - immediately, saepe - often;

2) derivatives from adjectives.

Adverbs from adjectives I-II are formed by adding the suffix -e to the stem, for example: asepticus, a, um - aseptice - aseptically (under aseptic conditions). From adjectives III declensions adverbs are formed by adding the suffix -iter to the stem, and from adjectives on -ns - the suffix -er, for example: siertlis, -e - steriliter - sterile; recens, -ntis - recenter - fresh (fresh-).

Some adjectives in the form of wines are also used as adverbs. p. units h. wed R. or in the form of an ablative with the ending -o, for example: multus, a, um - multum - a lot; facilis, with - facile - easy; citus, a, um - ciro - quickly, soon.

As adverbs of the comparative degree, the form cf. R. adjectives of this degree. Superlative adverbs are formed from the superlative degree of an adjective with the suffix -e: citius - faster, citissime - fastest.

Adverbs used in the recipe

1. If you need to urgently issue a medicine at the top of the prescription form, the doctor writes: Cito! - Fast! or Statim! - Immediately! Immediately!

2. If two (or more) ingredients are prescribed in a row in the same dose, then this dose is indicated only once with the last of them, and Greek is placed before the figure. ana (aa) - equally.

3. When prescribing suppositories in a detailed way, the amount of cocoa butter can be indicated exactly in grams or by means of the expression quantum satis - "how much" - the pharmacist himself must calculate the right amount.

10. Pronouns

Personal pronouns:

1st person: ego - I, nos - we;

2nd person: tu - you, vos - you.

There are no personal pronouns of the 3rd person in Latin; instead of them, demonstrative pronouns is, ea, id are used - that, that, that or he, she, it.

Usually, there is no personal pronoun as a subject for a Latin verb, and when translated into Russian, it is added, for example: homo sum - I am a person.

The reflexive pronoun sui - itself, as in Russian, does not have the form im. n. and is used only in relation to the 3rd person.

Professional expressions with pronouns:

with a personal pronoun in Abl.: pro me - for me;

with a reflexive pronoun in Ass.: per se - in its purest form.

Possessive pronouns: mens, a, um - mine; tuns, a, um - yours; noster, tra, trum - ours; vester, tra, trum - yours.

Relative pronouns: qui, quae, quod - which, -th, -oe; what, -th, -th; something that is often found in aphorisms, for example: Qui scribit, bis legit. - Who writes - reads twice. Quod licet Jovi, non licet bovi. - What is allowed to Jupiter is not allowed to the bull.

11. Present tense of the indicative mood of the active and passive voices

Knowledge of the conjugation of the verb in two voices of the indicative mood makes it possible to somewhat expand the scope of the professional use of the Latin language, in particular, to translate simple Latin sentences, to more consciously recall aphorisms and proverbs.

Indicative mood (Indicativus)

Unlike the imperative and the subjunctive, it denotes an action without expressing any relation to what is reported. The indicative is formed by adding the personal endings of the active or passive voice to the stem of the present tense verb. These endings in I, II and IV conjugations (in singular) are attached directly to the stem of the verb. In III conjugation in units. h. the ending is added to the stem of the verb with the help of the connecting vowel -i-, and in the plural. parts III and IV of conjugations - with the help of the connecting vowel -u-.

Auxiliary verb sum, esse - to be, exist

The auxiliary verb sum, esse has an independent meaning "to be, to exist, to be, to have" and can serve as a linking verb with a compound nominal or compound verbal predicate.

Verb conjugation sum, esse

In Russian, the verb "to be" in the present tense is usually omitted as a link and a dash is put instead. For example:

1. Est modus in rebus. - There is a measure in business.

2. Valeriana, Adonis vernaiis, Convallaria majalis plantae sunt. - Valerian, spring adonis, May lily of the valley - plants.

3. Vivere est military. - Live means fight.

Author: Shtun A.I.

<< Back: Recipe (Structure of a prescription. Structure of a prescription line. Use of the accusative case when prescribing tablets and suppositories. Abbreviations in the recipe)

>> Forward: Participles (Present active participle. Passive past participle)

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