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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Latin for doctors. Frequency term elements of Greco-Latin origin. Articulation of terms (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) Lecture No. 7. Frequency term elements of Greek-Latin origin. Articulation of terms Partitioned are words, at least one part of which is repeated in any other words that are correlated with the data by meaning. Articulation of different words may be complete or incomplete. Those derivatives are fully segmented, all the constituent parts of which (individual morphemes or a block of morphemes) are repeated in other derivatives. If not every significant part is found in other modern medical terms, then the derivative has incomplete articulation. For example, the following words: 1) with full articulation: pod-algia (Greek pus, podos - "leg" algos - "pain"), neur-algia (Greek neuron - "nerve"), as well as my-algia (Greek mys, myos - "muscle"), kephal-o-metria (Greek kephalos - "head"), thorac-o-metria (Greek thorax, thorakos - "chest", "chest"), etc.; 2) with incomplete articulation: pod-agra (Greek podagra - "trap"; aching legs; from pus, podos - "leg" + agra - "capture", "attack"). If the first part is singled out, as it is found in a number of modern terms, then the second part - agra - is practically a single one. Almost all terms - derived words that arose naturally in the ancient Greek and Latin languages or artificially created from morphemes and generating bases of these languages, are completely segmentable. This means that they are also fully motivated in the modern terminology. The remarkable property of complete articulation becomes even more important for those who master the basics of medical terminology due to the fact that a significant number of morphemes and blocks of morphemes are frequent. Frequency one should count those morphemes and blocks that are repeated in different words at least two or three times. It is clear that the greater the degree of frequency, that is, the greater the number of uses, parts of derivatives have, the more significant their role in terminology. Some high-frequency morphemes and blocks are involved in the formation of dozens of terms. Many morphemes of the ancient Greek and Latin languages acquired specific, sometimes new, meanings that were previously unusual for them in the ancient source language. Such values are called terminological. So, for example, the Greek word kytos (vessel, cavity) in the Latinized form cytus began to be used as a regular root morpheme in the structure of dozens of terms - derived words - in the meaning of "cell". The suffix of ancient Greek adjectives -itis, which gave them the general meaning of "related, belonging", became a regular part of terms - nouns with the meaning "inflammation". term element Any part of a derived word (morpheme, block of morphemes) that is regularly reproduced in finished form when using existing or creating new terms and retaining a certain meaning assigned to it in the terminology is called term element. A term element is a component regularly repeated in a series of terms, to which a specialized meaning is assigned. At the same time, it does not matter in principle in the form of which transcription, Latin or Russian, the same international term element of Greek-Latin origin appears: infra- - infra-; -tomia - -tomia; nephro- - nephro-, etc. For example: the term cardiologia - the science of diseases of the cardiovascular system consists of the initial term cardio - heart and the final -logia - science, branch of knowledge. The division of a term-word into term elements does not always coincide with its division into morphemes, since some term elements represent a whole block - a combination of two or three morphemes in one whole: prefix + root, root + suffix, prefix + root + suffix. In such a regular formal and semantic fusion, these blocks of morphemes are distinguished in a number of derivatives of the same type, for example, in terms of astheno-spermia - astheno-o-sperm, asthen-opia - asthen-opium, asthen-odepressivus - astheno-o-depressive, asthen- isatio - asthenization, the block term element asthen(o)- (asthen(o)-), from the Greek. asthenes - "weak": negative prefix a- - "not, without" + sthenos - "strength". High-frequency term elements tom-ia (-tomy) (Greek tome - "cut"), rhaph-ia (-raffia) (Greek rhaphe - "seam"), log-ia (-logia) (Greek logos - "science ") - the final parts of the derivatives - are two-morphemic in their composition: the root + the suffix -ia, which gives the words the general meaning of "action, phenomenon". The high-frequency term element -ectomia (-ectomy) - the final part of the derivatives - consists of three ancient Greek morphemes: the prefix eu- + the root -tome- - "cut" + the suffix -ia - "cutting", "removal". Term elements of Greek-Latin origin constitute the international "golden fund" of biological and medical terminology. With the help of frequency term elements, numerous series of terms of the same type in structure and semantics (meaning) are formed. Interacting with each other, the term elements all together form a complex formal semantic term system, which remains open for the inclusion of new term elements and new series of terms, and in which each term element is assigned a specific place and meaning. Free and related term elements Many components of compound word-terms used in source languages (Greek and Latin) as independent words, have not retained their free status in modern terminology. For example, the independent words of the ancient Greek language iatreia (healing), paideia (education, education), kardia (heart), penia (poverty), philia (love, inclination), ialia (speech) are used only as term elements in the structure of derivatives (psychiatry, thrombopenia, tachycardia, orthopedics, spasmophilia, etc.). These and similar terminological elements that exist in modern terms only in a connected form, that is, in combination with other morphemes, can be called bound. At the same time, there are term elements, for example, sclerosis (sclerosis and cardiosclerosis), stasis (stasis and hemostasis), paresis (paresis and hemiparesis), ptosis (ptosis and nephroptosis), lat. flexio (inflection and lateroflexion), etc., which are used not only in the structure of derivatives, but also as independent words. it free term elements. A huge number of medical terms are formed by adding bases, combined with suffixation. In this case, the suffix of Greek origin -ia is used more often than others. For example, haemorrhagia in ancient Greek is produced by combining two stems: haem - "blood" + rhagos - "broken, torn" + suffix -ia. Many frequency term elements in -ia in ancient source languages were used in the same way as in modern terminology, only in complex suffixal derivatives. It is impossible, for example, to find independent words rhagia, pathia, thiermia, etc. in the dictionary of the ancient Greek language. In ancient Greek, there were only root words rhage - "gap" (from the verb rhegnymi - "break through, tear"), therme - "heat, warmth", pathos - "experience, suffering, illness". Participating in the formation of compound words, they were combined with other morphemes and the suffix -ia. This is the origin of most terminological elements in -ia, used only in a related form. These include, in particular, -tonia (Greek tonos - "tension" + ia), -graphia (Greek grapho - "write, depict" + -ia) and many others. As an exception, we can note the transition of some related terminological elements that were not used as independent words in the source language to the category of free ones. For example, -phobia (Greek phobos - "fear, fear" + -ia) and -ectomia (Greek ektome - "cutting, removal" + -ia) began to be used in modern terminology as independent words: phobia, ectomy. Greco-Latin doublets The division of term elements into bound and free should be constantly taken into account. For example, when comparing anatomical values in normal anatomy, on the one hand, with similar values in pathological anatomy and in a complex of clinical disciplines, on the other hand, the following pattern is revealed: the same organ is designated in two ways - different not only in their linguistic origin, but also in grammatical decoration with signs. In the nomenclature of normal anatomy, this is an independent and usually Latin word, and in pathological anatomy, a related term element of Greek origin. Much less often in both disciplines is the same name borrowed from the same source language, for example, the Greek hepar, oesophagus, pharynx, larynx, urethra, thorax, ureter, encephalon and Latin appendix, tonsilla and others that were used even in ancient medicine, as well as complex suffixal derivatives on -turn, created in modern times; for example, myocardium, endothelium, perimetrium, etc. These words are included as free term elements in the structure of compound words in clinical terminology: hepatomegaly, endothelioma, encephalopathy, myocardiopathy, appendectomy. In the anatomical nomenclature, there are designations of the same formation both as an independent Latin root word and as a Greek component as part of a derivative; for example, chin - lat. mentum, but "chin-lingual" - genioglossus (Greek geneion - "chin"); language - lat. lingua, but "sublingual" - hypoglossus; "lingo-pharyngeal" - glossopharyngeus (Greek glossa - "tongue"), etc. Latin and Greek designations of anatomical structures that have exactly the same meaning are called Greek-Latin doublet designations (or doublets). We can formulate the following fundamental position: as a rule, Greek-Latin doublets are used to designate most anatomical formations (organs, body parts), and in the anatomical nomenclature - mainly Latin words, in clinical terminology - related term elements of Greek origin. This application is shown in the following table. Scope of doublets
There are deviations from this position. So, for example, the vagina is indicated by doublets: lat. vagina and Greek. colpio-, in clinical terminology, both are found as term elements (colpitis and vaginitis - inflammation of the vagina); the same is noted for the doublets of Lat. vas- and Greek. angi(o)-, lat. and Greek nephro-, lat. rectum- and Greek. procto-. In radiological terms, this may be due to the fact that in radiology an organ as such (including a healthy one) is examined. Perhaps that is why in radiology the term mammography is preferred rather than mastography, although in the terminology of diseases the Greek roast(o)- is used - referring to the breast, mammary gland. Some anatomical native Latin names do not have a Greek equivalent and therefore prevail in all terminological areas: for example, lat. ventricilus meaning "ventricle"; duodenum (medieval artificial word) - "duodenum"; appendix - "appendix"; sinus - "sinus, sinus"; plexus - "plexus"; jejunum - "jejunum". Term elements of Greek-Latin origin are international. In Russian, they are almost never used as independent names. In this function, the Russian word is identical in meaning to them. Therefore, in Russian, uses such as eyes are common, but ophthalmology, ophthalmoplegia, ophthalmoscope; skin, but dermatology, dermatitis, dermatosis, dermoid; stomach, but gastrotomy, gastritis, gastroscope, etc. Only a few term elements in Russian can be used simultaneously as borrowed independent words; for example, aorta, bronchus, pleura; aortitis, aortography, bronchitis, bronchoectasia, pleurisy, etc. A similar attitude, in principle, is also observed in Western European languages. Meaning and place of term elements in the structure of a derivative word Term elements are mostly unambiguous, but some of them have two or more meanings. So, for example, the term element onco- (Greek onkos - "heap, mass, volume, swelling") in some compound words has the meaning "volume, mass" (oncogramma - oncogram - a curve reflecting changes in volume; oncometria - oncometry - measurement of volume tissue or organ), in others - "tumor" (oncogenesis - oncogenesis - the process of occurrence and development of a tumor; oncologist - a doctor, a specialist in the treatment and prevention of tumors, etc.). The final component -lysis (Greek "unleashing, decomposition, dissolution"; luo - "I untie, free") in some compound words means "decomposition, decay, dissolution" (autolysis, karyolysis, hemolysis, etc.), in others - "a surgical operation to release adhesions, adhesions" (cardiolysis, pneumo(no) lysis, etc.). Usually, the place of a motivating single-root stem in the structure of words does not affect its meaning: whether it is megalo- or -megalia (increase), gnatho- or -gnathia (jaw), blepharo- or -blepharia (eyelid), the meaning of the term elements will remain unambiguous. Some terminological elements, like the above, can act both as the first and final ones. Others may occupy only one permanent place, for example as final (-cele, -clasia, -lepsia, -peaia), some may only be the first components (auto-, brady-, bary-, laparo-). A wider selection of products available in store! 1. It should be borne in mind that, depending both on the specific meaning of another component participating in the addition, and on the place it occupies in the compound word, some shades may arise that affect the general meaning of the motivated word. Thus, the cognate terminological elements haemo-, haemato- and -aemia have the general meaning of "pertaining to blood". At the same time, the final term element -aemia, which is preceded by the designation of a substance, indicates the blood as a medium in which substances are found, the presence and concentration of which in this medium are pathological (azotaemia, uraemia, bacteriaemia, etc.). If the term elements haemo- or haemato- are combined with the designation of an organ, then the general meaning of the compound word is the accumulation of blood in the cavity of the organ, hemorrhage (haematomyelia - hemorrhage into the substance of the spinal cord, haemarthrosis - accumulation of blood in the joint cavity). 2. For a logical understanding of the general meaning of a derived word, it is advisable to begin the semantic analysis of its constituent term elements with the final term element. For example, gastro/entero-logia: logia - “the science of...”: gastro- - “stomach”, entera- - “intestines”. 3. The general meaning of a motivated word is always somewhat more voluminous, fuller, deeper than a simple addition of the meanings of the motivating components: for example, gastrojejunoplastica (Greek gaster - "stomach" + Latin jejunum - "jejunum" + plastike - "formation, plasticity") - surgical replacement of the stomach with a segment of the jejunum. Formal language types of clinical terms. Term elements in the structure of clinical terms Formal language types of clinical terms are different. 1. Unmotivated simple words: 1) simple root words of Latin or ancient Greek origin: for example, stupor - stupor (numbness), tremor - tremor (trembling), thrombus - blood clot (blood clot), aphthae - aphthae (rashes); 2) simple derivatives (in the source language) - prefix and affix: for example, insultus (lat. insulto - "to attack") - stroke, infarctus (lat. infarcio - "stuff, stuff") - heart attack, aneurysma (Greek aneuryno - "expand") - aneurysm. The above simple root and simple derivative words and many other clinical terms similar to them turn out to be indivisible within the framework of modern terminology and, therefore, unmotivated. Most often they are not translated, but borrowed, transcribed by means of national languages (Russian, English, etc.) and are internationalisms. 2. Terms-phrases. Nominal phrases occupy a significant place in clinical terminology. For their education, no special knowledge is required, except for grammatical. In each phrase, the core word is the word being defined - the noun in it. p. units or many h. Usually this is a generic term, that is, the name of a higher, more general concept in the classification. Defining words are most often represented by adjectives. Their role is to clarify in a certain respect the generic (general) concept: for example, pneumonia adenoviralis - adenovirus pneumonia, p. apicalis - apical pneumonia, p. haefflorrhagica - hemorrhagic pneumonia, etc. The most common meaning of defining words is the localization of the lesion: abscessus appendicis, ab. femoris, ab. parietis arteriae, ab. mesenterii, ab. poliicis, ab. bronchi, ab. peritonealis; ulcus pharyngis, etc. d. Some internationalism phrases are included in the text in national languages traditionally in Latin grammatical form and transcription, for example, genu valgum (curved knee inside), situs viscerum inversus (perverted position of the insides), genu varum (curved knee outward), etc. 3. Fully segmentable motivated terms-words. Among the formal linguistic types of clinical terms, they are of the greatest interest in teaching the basics of medical terminology. Greek or, more rarely, Latin term elements with anatomical meaning act as the first motivating stems in compound words. The final components carry the main semantic load, perform (like suffixes) a classifying function. Some of them correlate this concept with a certain group, a class of pathological phenomena (signs, conditions, diseases, processes), others with surgical operations or diagnostic techniques, etc. For example, terms with the initial term cardio- (Greek kardia - "heart"): cardiosclerosis, cardioneurosis, cardiomegalia, cardiolysis, cardiotomia, cardiographia, cardiotachometria, cardiovolumometria. The names of many medical devices and instruments are similarly formed. An additional term element with a physical-technical, physiological or biophysical meaning is introduced into these names: for example, the term element rheo- (“flow, flow”), related to electricity: rheo - cardiograph, etc. Author: Shtun A.I. << Back: Word composition. Types of morphemes. Morpheme analysis >> Forward: Methods of word formation (Suffixation. Frequency Latin and Greek suffixes. Base. Prefixation. Prefix-suffix derivatives)
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