Latin for doctors. Composition of the word. Types of morphemes. Morphemic analysis (lecture notes)

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Latin for doctors. Composition of the word. Types of morphemes. Morphemic analysis (lecture notes)

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Lecture number 6. The composition of the word. Types of morphemes. Morpheme analysis

In a linear sequence, the word contains minimal parts that are indivisible neither in form nor in meaning: prefix (prefix), root, suffix and ending (inflection). All these minimal meaningful parts of a word are called morphemes (Greek morphe - form). The core of the meaning is enclosed in the root, for example: sweat-ovy, sweat-ny, sweat-nitsa, you-pot, etc. The prefix and suffix, distinguished by their position to the root, are called together derivational affixes (lat. affixus - "attached").

By attaching them to the root, they form derivatives - new words. The ending - an affix with a grammatical meaning does not serve for word formation, but for inflection (by cases, numbers, genders). The division of a word into morphemes is called analysis by composition, or morphemic analysis.

The entire unchanging part of the word preceding the ending, which carries the main lexical meaning, is called the basis of the word. In the words vertebr-a, vertebral-is, intervertebral-is, the stems are, respectively, vertebr-, vertebral-, intervertebral-.

The stem can in some cases be represented only by the root, in some others - by the root and word-building affixes, that is, the root, suffix and prefix.

Word-formation analysis. Generating and derivative stems (words)

Morpheme analysis shows what minimal meaningful parts (morphemes) the studied word consists of, but does not answer the question of what is the actual mechanism of word formation. This mechanism is revealed with the help of word-formation analysis. The meaning of the analysis is to isolate two direct components in the word: that single segment (generating stem) and that (those) affix(es), due to the combination of which the derivative word is formed.

The difference between derivational and morphemic analyzes can be shown by the following example.

The adjective interlobularis (interlobular) from the standpoint of morphemic analysis consists of five morphemes: inter- (prefix), -lob- (root), -ul-, -ar- (suffixes), -is (end); from the standpoint of word-formation analysis, two direct components are singled out: inter- - between (prefix) + -lobular (is) - lobular (producing stem, or word).

The real formation mechanism: inter- (prefix) + -lobular(is) (generating stem, not divisible in this case into morphemes). Therefore, the derivative is the one from which another derivative stem, more complex in composition, is formed by attaching affix(s) to it.

The derivative stem is larger than the derivative stem by at least one morpheme.

A word containing a derived stem is called derivative, and the generating producing. Thus, a derived word always includes a deriving stem and affix(es). A word with a non-derivative stem (root) is non-derivative.

To highlight the generating stem in the word under consideration, it should be compared with two rows of words:

1) containing the same stem (or the same root);

2) containing the same affix (or the same affixes); for example:

a) cholecyst-itis, cholecyst-o-graphia, cholecyst-o-pexia;

b) nephr-itis, vagin-itis, gastr-itis, etc.

The generating basis is not only the material backbone of the derived word, but also motivates, i.e., determines its meaning. In this sense, one can judge about motivating and motivated words or about motivating and motivated bases. So, for example, derivatives - the names of diseases of the heart muscle - myocarditis, myocardiofibrosis, myocardosis, myocardtodystrophia - are motivated by the motivating basis of myocard (ium).

A motivated word differs from a motivating one in greater semantic (in meaning) complexity, for example: the histological term myoblastus (myoblast), consisting of two root morphemes myo- - "muscle" + blastus (Greek blastos - "sprout", "embryo"), means an undifferentiated cell from which a striated muscle fiber develops. The same word served as a motivating basis for the formation of the motivated word myoblastoma (myoblastoma) - the name of a tumor consisting of large cells - myoblasts.

There are cases when the concepts of generating and motivating words do not completely coincide. This happens if it is not a single word that motivates, but the whole phrase (adjective + noun), and only the adjective is used as a generating basis. Such, for example, are the words-terms choledocho-piastica, chcledocho-tomia, choledocho-scopia, mastoid-itis, mastoido-tomia, for which the phrases ductus choledochus (common bile duct) and processus mastoideus (mastoid process) are motivating, and producing bases - choledoch- (Greek chole - "bile" + doche - "vessel", "receptacle") and mastoid- (Greek mastos - "nipple" + -eides - "similar", "similar"; "mastoid") . Similarly, the motivating phrase ductus hepaticus (hepatic duct) and the generating stem hepatico are related in terms of hepatico-tomia, hepatico-storria (operations on the hepatic duct).

Proper names or surnames of persons who first discovered or described this or that phenomenon are also used as producing bases in clinical and pathological terms. Such "family" terms are called eponymous, or eponyms. Motivating for each such term is usually a phrase - an anatomical name, which includes its own name.

For example: in the term highmoritis (sinusitis), the generating base haimor on behalf of the English physician and anatomist N. Highmore, who described the maxillary sinus, named after him the maxillary sinus. In connection with this kind of eponymous terms, it is necessary to take into account the following: for a long time, many anatomical formations were called by the names of scientists. In the International Parisian Anatomical Nomenclature approved in 1955, all eponyms (names of authors) were removed and replaced by informative terms indicating the main morphological features of the corresponding formation. For example, instead of the eponym "Bartholin's gland", the term glandula vestibularis major was introduced, instead of "Cooper's gland" - glandula bulbourethralis, instead of "virzung duct" - ductus pancreaticus major, instead of "maxillary sinus" - sinus maxiliaris, etc.

In clinical and pathological terminology, the same eponyms that were eliminated from the anatomical nomenclature continue to be traditionally used as generating stems. For example: botallitis (botallitis) - a form of endocarditis with localization in the arterial duct; highmoritis (sinusitis) - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus; virsungoduodenostomia (virzungoduodenostomy) - a surgical operation of anastomosis between the pancreatic duct and the duodenum; couperitis (couperitis) - inflammation of the bulbourethral glands.

Author: Shtun A.I.

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