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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Латинский язык для медиков. Фармацевтическая терминология и рецепт. Некоторые генеральные фармацевтические термины (конспект лекций)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) Lecture No. 10. Pharmaceutical terminology and prescription. Some general pharmaceutical terms Pharmaceutical terminology - this is a complex consisting of a set of terms from a number of special disciplines, united under the general name "pharmacy" (Greek pharmakeia - the creation and use of drugs), which study the discovery, production, use of medicines of plant, mineral, animal and synthetic origin. The central place in this terminological complex is occupied by the nomenclature of medicines - an extensive set of names of medicinal substances and preparations officially approved for use. The pharmaceutical market uses tens and hundreds of thousands of names of medicines. The total number of medicines and their combinations available in different countries exceeds 250. Every year, the pharmacy chain receives new and new medicines. In order to have an idea of how drug names are created, which affects the choice of certain word formation methods and structural types of names, it is necessary to familiarize yourself at least in the most general terms with some general pharmaceutical terms. 1. Medicinal product (medicamentum) - a substance or mixture of substances permitted by the authorized body of the relevant country in the prescribed manner for use for the purpose of treating, preventing or diagnosing a disease. 2. Medicinal substance (materia medica) - a medicinal product, which is an individual chemical compound or biological substance. 3. Medicinal plant materials - plant materials approved for medical use. 4. Dosage form (forma medicamentorum) - a condition convenient for use that is attached to a medicinal product or medicinal plant material, in which the desired therapeutic effect is achieved. 5. Medicinal product (praeparatum pharmaceuticum) - a drug in the form of a specific dosage form. 6. Active substance - a component (s) of a medicinal product that has (s) a therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic effect. 7. Combined medicines - medicines containing in one dosage form more than one active ingredient in fixed doses. The table below illustrates some of these concepts. Medications
1. Trivial names of medicinal substances Some chemical compounds used as medicinal substances retain the same traditional semi-systematic names, which they received in the chemical nomenclature (salicylic acid, sodium chloride). However, in a much larger volume in the nomenclature of medicines, chemical compounds are presented not under their scientific (systematic) names, but under trivial (lat. trivialis - "ordinary") names. Trivial names do not reflect any unified principles of scientific classification adopted by chemists, do not indicate the composition or structure. In this respect, they are completely inferior to systematic names. However, the latter are unsuitable as names of medicinal substances due to their bulkiness and complexity for use in prescriptions, on labels, and in the pharmacy trade. Trivial names are short, convenient, accessible not only for professional, but also for ordinary communication. Examples of trivial names
Ways of word formation of trivial names Trivial drug names are derivatives of various word-formation structures. A word or a group of words, which are often systematic names of chemical compounds or names of sources for their production, is used as a producer. The main "building" material for the formation of trivial names is words, word-forming elements, roots and simply the so-called verbal segments of ancient Greek and Latin origin. So, for example, a drug from the herb Adonis spring (Adonis vernalis) is called Adonisidum - adonizide; a substance (glycoside) obtained from some species of the digitalis plant (Digitalis) is called Digoxinum - digoxin. The name Mentholum - menthol is assigned to a substance derived from mint oil (oleum Menthae). Abbreviation Among the various methods of word formation used to create trivial names, the most productive is abbreviation (lat. brevis - "short") - reduction. This is a way of creating complex abbreviated words, the so-called abbreviations, by a combination of verbal segments arbitrarily selected from the corresponding producing words or phrases. As such, the systematic names of chemical compounds are often used. Trivial name (abbreviation) producing a systematic name
With the help of abbreviation, the names of combined drugs are also formed. Instead of listing the names of all active substances contained in one dosage form, the drug is assigned compound name. It is placed in quotation marks and is an appendix to the name of the dosage form. Name of the combination drug Composition of active ingredients: Tabulettae "Ancophenum" - tablets "Anhofen"; Unguentum "Efcamonum" - ointment "Efcamon". Suffixation By adding a suffix (most often -in-) to the producing base, as a rule, they form the names of individual substances (for example, glycosides, alkaloids, etc.) isolated from plant materials, and biological substances - waste products of fungi, microorganisms (for example, antibiotics) . The names of the corresponding plants, mushrooms are taken as generating words. Many names are created in a mixed, abbreviation-suffix way: Theophedrinum, Aminazinum, Sulfadimezinum, Valocordinum. Foundation Even less often than suffixation, the addition of stems is used: for example, Cholenzyraum (chole - "bile" + enzymum - "enzyme"), Apilacum (apis - "bee" + lac - "milk"). 2. General requirements and current practice of naming medicines 1. In Russia, the name of each new drug is officially approved in the form of two mutually translatable equivalents in Russian and Latin, for example: solutio Glucosi - glucose solution. As a rule, the Latin names of medicinal substances are nouns of the II declension, cf. R. The Russian name differs from the Latin only in transcription and the absence of the ending -um, for example: Amidopyrinum - amidopyrine, Validolum - validol. Trivial names of combined drugs, which are inconsistent applications to the name of the dosage form, are also nouns of the II declension cf. R.: for example, tabulettae "Haemostimulinum" - tablets "Hemostimulin". 2. The name of medicines should be as short as possible; easy to pronounce; have a clear phonetic-graphic distinction. The last requirement is especially important in practice. Each name should be noticeably different in its sound composition and graphics (writing) from other names. After all, it is enough to memorize the sound complex at least a little inaccurately and write it incorrectly in Latin letters in the recipe for a serious mistake to occur. A large number of drugs under the original brand names enter the domestic market. They are spelled out and grammatically most often in any national language, that is, they do not have a Latin grammatical design. Often the names do not have the ending -um completely (German) or partially (English) or the ending -um is replaced by -e (English and French), and in some languages (Italian, Spanish. , Rum.) - on -a. At the same time, firms also assign names to their drugs with the traditional Latin ending -um. In domestic prescription practice, in order to avoid discrepancies, commercial names of imported drugs should be conditionally latinized: substitute the last vowel instead of the last vowel or add the ending -um to the final consonant, for example: instead of Mexase (mexase) - Mexasum, instead of Lasix (lasix) - Lasixum, etc. . Exceptions are allowed only for names ending in -a: Dopa, No-spa, Ambravena. They can be read and considered by analogy with the nouns of the first declension. In modern commercial names, the traditional scientifically approved transcription of word-forming elements (word segments) of Greek origin is often neglected; their graphic simplification is cultivated; to facilitate pronunciation, ph is replaced by f, th by t, ae by e, y by i. A wider selection of products available in store! Studying this section of the textbook, you must be extremely careful about the spelling of the names of medicines. 3. Frequency segments in trivial names A huge number of abbreviations, as noted, are formed by a combination of segments arbitrarily selected from the composition of generating words - systematic names. At the same time, there are many such names in the nomenclature, the sound complexes of which include repeating frequency segments - kind pharmaceutical terms. 1. Frequency segments, very conditionally and approximately reflecting information of anatomical, physiological and therapeutic nature. For example: Corvalolum, Cardiovaienum, Valosedan, Apressinum, Angiotensinamidum, Promedolum, Sedalgin, Antipyrinum, Anaesthesinum, Testosteronum, Agovirin, Androfort, Thyrotropinum, Cholosasum, Streptocidum, Mycoseptinum, Enteroseptolum. 2. Frequency segments that carry pharmacological information. Over the past decades, the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) has become widespread to include in the trivial names of medicinal substances (namely substances!) Frequency segments that carry not a random and vague characteristic, like the above segments, but stable information of a pharmacological nature. For this purpose, it is recommended to include frequency segments in the names indicating that the medicinal substance belongs to a certain pharmacological group. To date, several dozens of such frequency segments have been recommended. For example: Sulfadimezinum, Penicillinum, Streptomycinum, Tetracyclinum, Barbamylum, Novocainum, Corticotropinum, Oestradiolum, Methandrostenolonum. Trivial names of vitamins and multivitamin combination medicines Vitamins are known both under their trivial names and under letter designations, for example: Retinolum seu Vitaminum A (also known under another name - Axerophtholum); Cyanocobalaminum seu Vitaminum B12; Acidum ascorbinicum seu Vitaminum C. The names of many multivitamin preparations include the frequency segment -vit- - -vit-, for example, Tabulettae "Pentovitum" (contains 5 vitamins), Dragee "Hexavitum" (contains 6 vitamins), etc. Trivial names of enzyme preparations Often the names contain an indication that the drug affects the enzymatic processes of the body. This is evidenced by the presence of the suffix -as- - -az-. Such names are usually latinized according to the general rule, that is, they receive the ending -um. However, there are deviations from this rule: for example, Desoxyribonucleasum (or Desoxyribcnucleasa) is a deoxyribonuclease, Collagenasum is a collagenase. Author: Shtun A.I. << Back: Verb. Imperative, subjunctive, indefinite form. Accusative case, ablative (Four verb conjugations. Accusative case. Ablativus. Prepositions) >> Forward: Brief information about dosage forms
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