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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Latin for doctors. Grammar: Noun; system of declensions, dictionary form, gender. Management as a type of subordinate connection (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) Lecture No. 3. Grammar: Noun; declension system, dictionary form, gender. Management as a type of subordination Morphology - this is a section of grammar that studies the patterns of existence, formation (structure) and understanding of word forms (word forms) of various parts of speech (noun, adjective, verb, etc.). The word has lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical meaning is the content of the word, generalizing in our minds the idea of an object, phenomenon, property, process (rib, ontogenesis, direct, serous, bending, etc.). The grammatical meaning is determined both by the categorical belonging of a given word to the corresponding part of speech (for example, the meaning of objectivity in a noun, the meaning of an attribute in an adjective), and the private meaning due to a change in the forms of this word (rib, ribs; direct, direct, direct, etc. .). The word exists as a system of forms. The system of changing the forms of words is called inflection. The grammatical categories according to which the forms of a noun change in Latin, as in Russian, are cases and numbers (vertebra - vertebra, corpus vertebrae - vertebral body; foramen - hole, foramina - holes; os - bone, ossa - bones, sternum - sternum, manubrium sterni - handle of the sternum). Noun The inflection of nouns according to cases and numbers is called declension. Case There are 6 cases in Latin. Nominativus (Nom.) - nominative (who, what?). Genetivus (Gen.) - genitive (of whom, what?). Dativus (Dat.) - dative (to whom, what?). Accusativus (Acc.) - accusative (whom, what?). Ablativus (Abl.) - ablative, creative (by whom, with what?). Vocativus (Voc.) - vocative. For nomination, i.e. for naming (naming) objects, phenomena, and the like in medical terminology, only two cases are used - nominative (im. p.) and genitive (gen. p.). The nominative case is called the direct case, which means the absence of relations between words. The meaning of this case is the actual naming. The genitive case has a characterizing meaning. 1. Types of declensions There are 5 types of declensions in Latin, each of which has its own paradigm (a set of word forms). A practical means of distinguishing declension (determining the type of declension) in Latin is the genitive case of the singular. Genus forms. p. units hours in all declensions are different. A sign of the type of declension of a noun is the ending of the gender. p. units h., therefore, in dictionaries, the form genus. p. units h. is indicated along with the form of them. p. units hours and they must be memorized only together. Distribution of nouns by types of declension depending on gender endings. p.un. h.
Genitive endings of all declensions
2. The concept of the dictionary form of a noun Nouns are listed in the dictionary and learned in dictionary form, which contains three components: 1) the form of the word in them. p. units hours; 2) the end of the genus. p. units hours; 3) gender designation - male, female or neuter (abbreviated as one letter: m, f, n). For example: lamina, ae (f), sutura, ae (f), sulcus, i (m); ligamentum, i(n); pars, is(f), margo, is(m); os, is(n); articulatio, is (f), canalis, is (m); ductus, us(m); arcus, us (m), cornu, us, (n); facies, ei (f). 3. Determining the practical basis Some nouns have the III declension before the ending genus. p. units h. -is is also attributed to the final part of the stem. This is necessary if the stem of the word is in gender. p. units h. does not coincide with the basis of them. p. units hours:
The full form of the genus. p. units hours for such nouns are found as follows: corpus, =oris (=corpor - is); foramen, -inis (= foramin - is). For such nouns, the practical basis is determined only from the form of the word to the gender. p. units hours by discarding its ending. If the basics in them. p. units hours and in the genus. p. units h. coincide, then only the ending genus is indicated in the dictionary form. etc., and the practical basis in such cases can be determined from them. p. units hours without ending. Let's look at some examples.
The practical basis is the basis, to which, during inflection (declension), the endings of oblique cases are added; it may not coincide with the so-called historical basis. For monosyllabic nouns with a changing stem, the entire word form genus is indicated in the dictionary form. n., for example pars, partis; crus, cruris; os, oris; cor, cordis. 4. Definition of the gender of nouns In Latin, as in Russian, nouns belong to three genders: masculine (masculinum - m), feminine (femininum - f) and neuter (neutrum - n). The grammatical gender of Latin nouns cannot be determined from the gender of Russian words equivalent in meaning, since often the gender of nouns with the same meaning in Russian and Latin does not coincide.
It is possible to determine the belonging of a Latin noun to a particular gender only by the endings characteristic of this gender in it. p. units h. For example, words in -a are feminine (costa, vertebra, lamina, incisura, etc.), words in -um are neuter (ligamentum, manubrium, sternum, etc.). A wider selection of products available in store! A sign of the declension of a noun is the ending of the gender. p. units hours; a sign of the genus - a characteristic ending in them. p. units h. 5. Determination of the gender of nouns ending in the nominative singular in -а, -um, -on, -en, -и, -us You can get acquainted with all the characteristic features of the gender of Latin nouns in a number of lessons on the III declension. In this section, we will focus only on the signs of the grammatical gender of some groups of words that have in them. p. units h. characteristic endings: -a, -um, -on, -en, -u, -us.
There can be no doubt that nouns in -a belong to the feminine gender, and nouns in -um, -on, -en, -u - to the middle one. As for nouns ending in -us, the answer cannot be unambiguous without involving additional data and, above all, information about the declension of the word. All nouns in -us, if they belong to the II or IV declension, are necessarily masculine, for example: lobus, i; nodus, i; sulcus, i; ductus, us; arcus, us; meatus, us, m - masculine. If a noun in -us belongs to the III declension, then its belonging to a certain gender should be specified with the help of such an additional indicator as the final consonant of the stem in the gender. P.; if the final consonant of the stem is -r, then the noun is neuter, and if the final consonant is different (-t or -d), then it is feminine. For example: tempus, or-is; crus, crur-is; corpus, or-is - neuter, juventus, ut-is - feminine. 6. III declension of nouns. Grammatical signs of the masculine gender and the nature of the stems Third declension nouns were extremely rare, for example: os, corpus, caput, foramen, dens. This methodological approach was absolutely justified. III declension is the most difficult to master and has a number of features that distinguish it from other declensions. 1. The third declension includes nouns of all three genders ending in gender. p. units h on -is (a sign of the III declension). 2. In them. p. units h. words not only of different genders, but even of the same gender have different endings characteristic of a particular gender; for example, in the masculine gender -os, -or, -o, -eg, -ex, -es. 3. For most nouns, the third declension stems in them. n. and in the genus. items do not match.
With such nouns, the practical basis is not determined by them. n., but by genus. n. by dropping the ending -is. 1. If in the dictionary form of any noun before the ending genus. p. units h. -is the end of the stem is attributed, which means that the stem of such a word is determined by the genus. P.:
Basis cortic-. 2. If in the dictionary form before the end of the genus. p. units h. -is has no postscript, which means that such a word can also have a basis determined by them. p. units h., discarding the ending to them. P.: pubes, is The basis of pub-. 3. Nouns III declension depending on the coincidence or mismatch of the number of syllables in them. n. and genus. p. units hours are equally complex and non-equisyllabic, which is important for the exact definition of the genus in a number of cases. Equosyllabic No. pubes canalis rete Gen. pubis canalis retis. Non-equisyllabic No. pes paries pars Gen. pedis parietis parti.s 4. For monosyllabic nouns in the dictionary form in gender. n. the word is written in full: vas, vasis; os, ossis. 7. General requirements for the definition of grammatical gender in the III declension The genus is determined by the endings of them. p. units h., characteristic of a certain genus within a given declension. Therefore, in order to determine the gender of any noun of the III declension, three points must be taken into account: 1) to know that the given word refers specifically to the III declension, and not to any other; 2) know what endings are in them. p. units hours are characteristic of one or another kind of III declension; 3) in some cases, also take into account the nature of the stem of the given word. Results: 1) nouns ending in -a are feminine; 2) nouns with -urn, -en, -on, -u are neuter; 3) most nouns in -us, if they belong to the II or IV declension, are masculine; 4) words in -us ending in gender. n. on -r-is, - neuter. Knowing that a noun belongs to a certain gender, you can correctly agree with it (in gender!) An adjective or form a word form for them. n. pl. h. In most cases, the belonging of a word to one or another declension cannot serve as an indicator of gender, since in the same declension there are nouns of two genders (II and IV declension) or three genders (III declension). Nevertheless, it is useful to remember the following relation between the gender of a noun and its declension: 1) in I and V declensions - only feminine; 2) in the II and IV declensions - masculine and neuter; 3) in the III declension - all three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Of the words in -us, most belong to the II declension, only a few - to the IV. It is important to remember that in dictionary form some of the most frequent nouns are in the IV declension: processus, us (m) - process; arcus, us (m) - arc; sinus, us (m) - sinus, sinus; meatus, us (m) - passage, move; plexus, us (m) - plexus; recessus, us (m) - deepening, pocket. Author: Shtun A.I. >> Forward: Adjective. Grammatical categories (Declination of adjectives. Dictionary form. Agreement. Adjective - agreed definition. Comparative degree (Gradus comparativus); formation and declension. Nominative plural (Nominativus pluralis) of nouns of I, II, III, IV, V declension and adjectives)
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