Latin for doctors. Adjective. Grammatical categories (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Latin for doctors. Adjective. Grammatical categories (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

Lecture number 4. The name is an adjective. Grammar categories

The categorical (generalized) meaning of an adjective as a part of speech is the meaning of an attribute of an object (quality, property, belonging, etc.).

1. Adjectives in Latin, as in Russian, are divided into qualitative and relative. Qualitative adjectives denote a sign of an object directly, i.e., without relation to other objects: true rib - costa vera, long bone - os longum, yellow ligament - ligamentum flavum, transverse process - processus transversus, large hole - foramen magnum, trapezoid bone - os trapezoideum, sphenoid bone - os sphenoidale, etc.

Relative adjectives indicate the sign of an object not directly, but through relation to another object: the spinal column (column of the vertebrae) - columna vertebralis, the frontal bone - os frontale, the sphenoid sinus (the cavity in the body of the sphenoid bone) - sinus sphenoidalis, the sphenoid crest (section anterior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone) - crista sphenoidalis.

The predominant mass of adjectives in the anatomical nomenclature are relative adjectives, indicating that a given anatomical formation belongs to a whole organ or to another anatomical formation, such as the frontal process (extending from the zygomatic bone upwards, where it connects to the zygomatic process of the frontal bone) - processus frontalis.

2. The categorical meaning of the adjective is expressed in the categories of gender, number and case. The gender category is an inflectional category. As in Russian, adjectives change by gender: they can be in the form of masculine, feminine or neuter. The gender of an adjective depends on the gender of the noun with which it agrees. For example, the Latin adjective meaning "yellow" (-th, -th) has three gender forms - flavus (m. p.), flava (f. p.), flavum (cf. p.).

3. Inflection of adjectives also occurs according to cases and numbers, that is, adjectives, like nouns, decline.

1. Declension of adjectives. dictionary form

Adjectives, unlike nouns, are declined only in I, II or III declension.

The specific type of declension, according to which this or that adjective changes, is determined by the standard dictionary form in which it is recorded in the dictionary and in which it should be remembered.

In the dictionary form of the overwhelming majority of adjectives, the endings characteristic of one kind or another in them are indicated. p. units h.

At the same time, some adjectives have endings in them. n. for each genus are completely different, for example: rectus, recta, rectum - straight, straight, straight; other adjectives for masculine and feminine have one common ending, and for the neuter gender - another, for example: brevis - short and short, breve - short.

Adjectives are given differently in the dictionary form. For example: rectus, -a, -um; brevis, -e.

Ending -us m. is replaced in R. to -a (recta), and cf. R. - on -um (rectum).

Two groups of adjectives

Depending on the type of declension according to which adjectives are inclined, they are divided into 2 groups. Membership in a group is recognized by standard dictionary forms.

The 1st group includes adjectives that are declined according to the I and II declension. They are easily recognized by their endings. n. -us (or -er), -a, -um in dictionary form.

The 2nd group includes all adjectives that have a different dictionary form. Their inflection occurs according to the III declension.

Memorizing the dictionary form is necessary in order to correctly determine the type of declension and use the appropriate endings in oblique cases.

Adjectives of the 1st group

In the presence of a dictionary form with endings in them. p. units h. -us, -a, -um or -er, -a, -um adjectives in the form of g. R. inclined according to the I declension, in the form of m. and cf. R. - according to the II declension.

For example: longus, -a, -um - long; liber, -era, -erum - free. In the genus n. they have, respectively, endings:

Some adjectives that have in m. ending -er, the letter "e" drops out in m. p., starting with the genus. p. units h., and in R. and on Wed. R. - in all cases without exception. This is not the case for other adjectives. For example, dictionary forms ruber, -bra, -brum, liber, -era, -erum.

Adjectives of the 2st group

Adjectives of the 2nd group are declined according to the III declension. Their dictionary form differs from the adjectives of the 1st group.

According to the number of generic endings in the dictionary form, adjectives of the 2nd group are divided into:

1) adjectives of two endings;

2) adjectives of one ending;

3) adjectives of three endings.

1. Adjectives of two endings in anatomical and histological and in general in medical terminology are most common. They have in them. p., unit only two generic endings - -is, -e; -is - common for m. and well. r., e - only for cf. R. For example: brevis - short, short; breve - short.

Examples of adjectives with two endings in dictionary form:

brevis, e - short, -th, -th;

frontalis, e - frontal, -th, -th.

The prevailing number of adjectives with two endings found in the nomenclature is characterized by the following word-formation model.

For example: stem-al-is, e - sternal, cost-al-is e - costal, clavicul-ar-is - clavicular, dors-al-is - dorsal, dorsal.

All adjectives formed in such a suffixal way acquired the general meaning "related to what is called the basis" (to the sternum, to the rib, to the collarbone, to the back, rear).

2. Adjectives of the same ending have one common ending in them for all genders. p. units h. Such an ending can be, in particular, -x, or -s, etc. For example: simplex - simple, -th, -th; teres - round, -th, -th; biceps - two-headed, -th, -th.

Unlike all other types of adjectives, they have the following feature: the stem is in gender. n. and them. p. - different. This is reflected in the dictionary form. For example:

simplex, icis - teres, etis - biceps, ipitis;

base: simplic- - teret- - bicipit-.

3. Adjectives of three endings have endings: m. - -er, f. p. - -is, cf. R. - e. For example: celer, -eris, -ere - fast, -th, -th; celeber, -bris, -bre - healing, -th, -th.

All adjectives of the 2nd group, regardless of the dictionary form, are declined according to the XNUMXrd declension and have a single stem in oblique cases.

For example:

2. Coordination. Adjective - agreed definition

Another type of subordinating relationship, when the function of definition in a nominal phrase is performed by a non-noun in gender. n., and the adjective is called agreement, and the definition is agreed.

When agreed, a grammatically dependent definition is likened to gender, number and case with the main word. As the grammatical forms of the main word change, the forms of the dependent word also change. In other words, as in Russian, adjectives agree with the noun in gender, number, and case.

For example, when agreeing adjectives transversus, -a, -um and vertebralis, -e with nouns processus, -us (m); linea, -ae (f); ligamentum, -i (n); canalls, -is (m); incisura, -ae, (f); foramen, -inis (n) results in the following phrases:

3. Comparative degree (Gradus comparativus); education and declination

As in Russian, Latin qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive (gradus positivus), comparative (gradus comparativus) and excellent (gradus superlativus).

The comparative degree is formed from the basis of a positive degree by adding the suffix -ior to it for m. and well. r., suffix -ius - for cf. R. For example:

A wider selection of products available in store!

1. The main grammatical feature of adjectives in a comparative degree are: for m. and well. R. - suffix -ior, for cf. R. - suffix -ius.

For example: brevior, -ius; latior, -ius.

2. For all adjectives, in a comparative degree, the stem coincides with the form of m. and well. R. in them. p. units hours:

3. Adjectives are declined in a comparative degree according to the III declension. Genus form. p. units hours for all three genera is the same: it is formed by adding the ending -is to the stem.

4. Adjectives are relatively consistent with nouns in gender, number and case, i.e. they are consistent definitions: sutura latior; sulcus latior; foramen latius.

4. Nominative plural (Nominativus pluralis) of nouns I, II, III, IV, V declensions and adjectives

1. Any case endings, including their endings. n. pl. hours, always attached to the base.

2. For the formation of word forms. n. pl. h. different declensions must adhere to the following provisions.

If the noun refers to cf. r., then it declines in accordance with the rule cf. r., which reads: all words cf. R. (both nouns and adjectives of all degrees of comparison), regardless of which declension they belong to, end in it. n. pl. hours on -a. This applies only to the words cf. p., for example: ligamenta lata - wide ligaments, crura ossea - bone legs, ossa temporalia - temporal bones, cornua majora - large horns.

Word endings in m. and well. R. in them. n. pl. hours are easier to remember, taking into account each individual declension. In this case, it is necessary to remember the following correspondences: nouns I, II, IV declensions have in them. n. pl. h. exactly the same ending as in the genus. n. pl. h. The same correspondence is observed for adjectives of the 1st group, because they are declined like nouns of I and II declensions, for example:

Nouns of the III and V declensions, as well as adjectives of the III declension and adjectives in the comparative degree (they also decline according to the III declension) have in them. n. pl. h. the same ending -es.

Generalization of data on the endings of nouns and adjectives in them. n. pl. h.

Author: Shtun A.I.

<< Back: Grammar: Noun; system of declensions, dictionary form, gender. Management as a type of subordination (Types of declensions. The concept of the dictionary form of a noun. Definition of the practical basis. Determination of the gender of nouns. Determination of the gender of nouns ending in the nominative singular in -a, -um, -on, -en, -i, -us. III declension of nouns . Grammatical features of the masculine gender and the nature of the stems. General requirements for determining the grammatical gender in the III declension)

>> Forward: Genitive plural (Genetivus pluralis) nouns of I, II, III, IV, V declension and adjectives

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ General and clinical immunology. Lecture notes

▪ Theory of Government and Rights. Lecture notes

▪ State and municipal administration. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Gym on board 16.06.2023

Australian airline Qantas is planning to install gyms on its aircraft to meet the needs of passengers and help them better cope with long flights exceeding 20 hours. New aircraft equipped with a special "health zone" in the form of a mini-gym will be available from 2025.

Gyms will appear on board the Airbus A350 aircraft, which will be operated by Qantas at the end of 2025. At first, these sports areas will be available on the longest routes, such as flights from Sydney to New York and London.

However, the installation of gyms will require a reduction in the number of seats in the cabin. Qantas chief executive Alan Joyce explains that the new A350s will have 100 fewer seats than the competition, but will provide more space for all classes of passengers as well as a "health zone" where they can warm up and exercise.

Prior to the implementation of the project, the airline conducted a survey among passengers to find out their needs. It turned out that being able to move and exercise on long flights was a very popular requirement.

The health zone will be located between the classrooms on the plane and will contain a buffet with healthy products. In the exercise area, screens will be installed on which coaches show movements that help improve the well-being of passengers.

The problem with long flights lasting more than 20 hours is that economy passengers require a long time to recover from such long periods in flight.

Other interesting news:

▪ migraine on blood test

▪ Dinosaurs, ancestors of moles

▪ Slow clock deer

▪ RealSense webcams

▪ LG smart robot carts

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the Radio Control website. Article selection

▪ article International cooperation in the field of life safety and environmental protection. Basics of safe life

▪ article Who and when taught the whole world to eat in restaurants according to the Russian system? Detailed answer

▪ article Manager for receiving private and commercial ads. Job description

▪ article Powering low-voltage equipment in a car. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Riddles about wild animals

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews