Lecture number 9. Verb. Imperative, subjunctive, indefinite form. accusative, ablative

Recipe (receptum - "taken" from recipio, -ere - "take", "take") - this is a written prescription from a doctor to a pharmacist, drawn up in a certain form, about the manufacture, issuance and method of taking a medicine. The importance of the correct spelling of recipes is indisputable, for which it is necessary to have some grammatical knowledge about verbs, the imperative and subjunctive moods, the accusative case, the ablative and prepositions.

In the recipe, the verb is used only in the present tense (praesens) in the passive (passivum) and active (activum) forms, as well as in the following moods: indicative (indicativus), imperative (imperativus) and subjunctive (conjunctivus). Only the last two are used in recipes.

Latin verbs are conjugated, that is, they change in person, number, tense, and mood.

1. Four conjugations of verbs

Depending on the nature of the stem - the final sound of the stem - verbs are divided into four conjugations.

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In conjugations I, II, IV, the stems end in a vowel, and in III - most often in a consonant.

Infinitive - indefinite form. In order to correctly identify the stem and determine by its final sound which of the four conjugations this or that verb belongs to, it is necessary to remember the infinitive of this verb. The infinitive is the original form of the verb; it does not change in persons, numbers, and moods. The sign of the infinitive in all conjugations is the ending -re. In I, II and IV conjugations, it is attached directly to the stem, and in III - through the connecting vowel -e-.

Samples of the infinitive of verbs I-IV conjugations

In II and III conjugations, the vowel [e] differs not only in brevity or longitude: in II conjugation it is the final sound of the stem, and in III it is a connecting vowel between the stem and the ending.

The stem of the verb is practically determined from the infinitive form by separating the ending -re from the verbs of I, II, IV conjugations and -ere from the verbs of the III conjugation.

Unlike the usual complete dictionaries of the Latin language, in educational dictionaries for medical students, the verb is given in an abbreviated dictionary form: the full form of the 1st person singular. the present tense of the indicative mood of the active voice (ending -o), then the infinitive ending -re is indicated along with the preceding vowel, i.e. the last three letters of the infinitive. At the end of the dictionary form, the conjugation is marked with a number, for example:

Imperative mood

In prescriptions, a doctor's request to a pharmacist about the preparation of a medicine has the character of an order, an inducement to a certain action. This meaning of the verb is expressed in the imperative or subjunctive mood.

As in Russian, the order is addressed to the 2nd person. Only the 2nd person singular form of the imperative is used in the recipe. This form completely coincides with the stem for verbs of I, II and IV conjugations, for verbs of III conjugation, -e is added to the stem. In practice, to form an imperative, one must discard the infinitive ending -re for verbs of all conjugations, for example:

Imperative mood in the form of the 2nd person plural. h. is formed by adding the ending -te: for verbs of I, II, IV conjugations - directly to the stem, for verbs of III conjugation - with the help of the connecting vowel -i-(-ite).

Subjunctive mood

Meaning. The recipe uses only one of the many meanings of the Latin subjunctive mood - an order, a call to action. In Russian, conjunctive forms with this meaning are translated by a verb in combination with the word let or an indefinite form of the verb, for example: let it be mixed or mixed.

Education. The conjunctiva is formed by changing the stem: in conjugation I, -a is replaced by -e, in II, III and IV, -a is added to the stem. Personal endings of verbs are added to the modified stem.

Formation of the basis of the conjunctiva

Latin verbs, like Russian ones, have 3 persons; in medical terminology, only the 3rd person is used. Personal endings of verbs in the 3rd person are shown in the table.

Examples of verb conjugation in the active and passive conjunctive.

The verb fio, fieri in prescription formulations

If the prescription contains several ingredients that must be given some specific dosage form, the doctor turns to the pharmacist with the standard wording: "Mix to get (ointment, emulsion, etc.)". In each such formulation, the verb fio is used in the subjunctive form, fieri - "to be obtained", "to be formed".

The verb is incorrect: it has only a passive meaning, and endings have only an active voice. The conjunctiva is formed by adding the suffix -a- to the stem fi-: 3rd person singular. h. - fiat, 3rd person pl. hours - fiant. These forms are used in the clauses of purpose with the conjunction ut (to), beginning with the verb misce. Usually the conjunction ut is omitted but implied.

Prescription formulation model with the verb fio, fieri - "obtain", "form": misce (ut) fiat + the name of the dosage form in Nom. sing. Misce, ut fiat pulvis. - Mix to make a powder.

The verb itself and the name of the dosage form are put in units. hours when prescribing powders, ointments, pastes, liniments, emulsions, suppositories and many others. h. - when issuing fees. The word species, -erum (f) in the meaning of "collection", referring to the V declension, is used only in plural. h.

Prescription formulations with the verb fio, fieri.

Singularis:

Misce, fiat pulvis. - Mix to make a powder.

Misce, fiat unguentum. - Mix, let it turn out ointment.

2. Accusative

For competent writing of recipes, it is necessary to learn the endings of two cases - the accusative and the so-called ablative - in five declensions of nouns and adjectives of I, II and III declensions. Accusativus (vin. p.) is the case of the direct object; as in Russian, answers the questions "whom?" So what?" For convenience, the endings of this case are first remembered separately, which have neuter nouns and adjectives, and then the endings of masculine and feminine nouns and adjectives.

Middle rules. All neuter nouns and adjectives, regardless of their declension, obey the following rules.

1. End Ass. sing. coincides with the end of Nom. sing. given word: for example, linimentum compositum, semen dulce.

2. End Ass. pl. coincides with the end of Nom. pl. and regardless of the declension, always -a (-ia): for example, linimenta composita, semina dulcia.

Only nouns have the ending -ia cf. R. on -e, -al, -ar (III declension) and all adjectives of the 2nd group (III declension).

Male and female. Masculine and feminine nouns and adjectives in Ass. sing. have a common final element -m, and in Asc. pl. -s; they are preceded by certain vowels depending on the declension.

Ending -im in Asc. sing. accept Greek nouns with -sis of the type dosis, is (f) and some Latin nouns: pertussis, is (f).

3. Ablative (Ablativus)

Ablativus is the case corresponding to the Russian instrumental; answers the questions "by whom?", "what?". In addition, it performs the functions of some other cases.

Ablative endings are shown in the table

Ending -i in Abl. sing. accept:

1) nouns in -e, -al, -ar;

2) adjectives of the 2nd group;

3) equisyllabic nouns of Greek origin with -sis of the dosis type.

4. Prepositions

All prepositions in Latin are used with only two cases: accusative and ablative. The management of prepositions in Russian does not coincide with Latin. Therefore, it is necessary to remember in which case the word should be put, depending on one or another preposition. Each preposition is used with a specific case.

1. Prepositions used with the accusative case

2. Prepositions used with the ablative

3. Prepositions used either with the accusative or with the ablative.

The prepositions in - in, on and sub - under govern two cases, depending on the question posed. Questions "where?", "What?" require the accusative case, the questions "where?", "in what?" - ablative.

Examples of the use of prepositions with double control

Author: Shtun A.I.

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