How did ancient warriors deal with the cowardice of war elephants? Detailed answer

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How did ancient warriors deal with the cowardice of war elephants? Detailed answer

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How did ancient warriors deal with the cowardice of war elephants?

War elephants were known not only for their power, but also for their pragmatism and even cowardice. To protect their infantry from elephants running back, the Carthaginians and Greeks killed them by driving a special stake into the crown of the elephant.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Who are reptiles?

As a rule, with the word "reptile" an ordinary person recalls a snake. But in fact, this group of animals includes many other crawling creatures. In the animal kingdom, reptiles rank between amphibians and birds. Amphibians are animals that can live both on land and in water.

Scientists believe that birds evolved from reptiles several million years ago. In those days, reptiles were the main group of animals and were often gigantic in size. But these huge reptiles have died out, and the reptiles of our days are relatively small in size. The largest of them are crocodiles and pythons.

In many ways, reptiles are similar to amphibians. They are all cold-blooded, crawling and have spines. Their main distinguishing features are lungs and skin. Amphibians breathe with gills at a young age, and only later do many of them develop lungs. Reptiles, on the other hand, breathe only with their lungs all their lives.

In amphibians, the skin is smooth and sticky, kept moist by special mucous glands. Water easily penetrates their skin, which is why most amphibians dry out and die if taken out of the water for a long time. Reptiles do not have mucous glands, and their skin is dry and scaly. Since water cannot penetrate their skin, they can live permanently on land. Reptiles are divided into four main groups: turtles, crocodiles, lizards and snakes, as well as a strange lizard-like tuatara from New Zealand.

Turtles differ from other reptiles in that their body is surrounded by a bone shell. All turtles lay eggs. Some turtles live near or in bodies of water, while others live exclusively on land. Alligators, crocodiles and the like have an elongated body with four limbs, covered with scales or plates. Alligators and crocodiles are so similar that only a specialist can tell them apart.

However, in the United States, alligators have a shorter and wider snout than crocodiles. In Australia there are crocodiles and no alligators at all, but a lot of lizards.

Lizards and snakes are reptiles of the highest order. The main difference between lizards and snakes is the structure of the jaws. In snakes, both the upper and lower jaws have movable parts with sharp, inwardly curved teeth.

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The phases of the moon affect rainfall 08.02.2016

The phases of the moon affect the amount of precipitation - however, very little. This discovery was made by atmospheric scientists from the University of Washington (USA), led by doctoral student Tsubasa Kohyama and Professor John Wallace.

The phases of the Moon arise because it revolves around the Earth - with a period of 27,3 days - and is illuminated to varying degrees by the Sun at different points in its orbit. We are interested, however, not in illumination, but in the very fact that on different days a natural satellite of our planet is above different parts of its surface. The moon, with its attraction, slightly pulls the Earth's atmosphere in its direction, making the atmospheric column higher, as, accordingly, atmospheric pressure. Such a relationship between the phases of the moon and atmospheric pressure was first noticed back in 1847.

The increased pressure raises the temperature of the air. The warmer the air, the more moisture it can hold. As a result, there is less rainfall.

Kohiyama and Wallace and colleagues first tested these theoretical findings experimentally by analyzing data collected over 15 years (1998-2012) by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission, a science satellite jointly launched by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Agency. It turned out that when the moon is at its zenith, the rain really becomes a little weaker - although only by 1%, which is not noticeable to the average person, but, nevertheless, is a statistically significant difference.

This discovery will help in testing climate models for their accuracy. If the climate model is accurate enough, it should take into account the weakening of rain in areas over which the Moon passes.

Scientists from the University of Washington intend to continue their research and find out, in particular, whether the phases of the moon have a stronger effect on heavy rains, up to an increase in their frequency.

Note that the Moon affects many processes occurring on Earth. Perhaps the most famous effect is the tides that occur when the Moon is at perihelion - i.e. when it is closest to the planet, because the moon's orbit has the shape of an ellipse. Last September, the full moon and perigee were separated by only one hour, so it was possible to see the surface of our planet's natural satellite as detailed as possible, with simple binoculars or even with the naked eye.

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