Clinical psychology. The problem of cerebral localization of mental functions (the most important)

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Clinical psychology. The problem of cerebral localization of mental functions (the most important)

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36. The problem of brain localization of mental functions

The problem of localization of mental functions is one of the main researched problems of neuropsychology. Initially, this problem was literally: how various mental processes and morphological zones of the brain are interconnected. But clear matches were not found. There are two points of view on this issue:

1) localizationism;

2) anti-localizationism. Localizationism binds every mental

process with the work of a certain part of the brain. Narrow localizationism considers mental functions as indecomposable into component parts and realized through the work of narrowly localized areas of the cerebral cortex.

The following facts speak against the concept of narrow localizationism:

1) with the defeat of different areas of the brain, a violation of the same mental function occurs;

2) the result of damage to a certain area of the brain may be a violation of several different mental functions;

3) impaired mental functions can be restored after damage without morphological restoration of the injured area of the brain.

According to the concept of anti-localizationism:

1) the brain is a single whole, and its work contributes to the development of the functioning of all mental processes equally;

2) with damage to any part of the brain, a general decrease in mental functions is observed (in this case, the degree of decrease depends on the volume of the affected brain).

According to the concept of equipotentiality of brain regions, all brain regions are equally involved in the implementation of mental functions. Thus, in all cases it is possible to restore the mental process, if only the quantitative characteristics of the damage do not exceed some critical values. However, not always and not all functions can be restored (even if the amount of damage is small).

At present, the main direction in solving this problem is determined by the concept of systemic dynamic localization of mental processes and functions, which was developed by L. S. Vygotsky and A. R. Luria. According to this theory:

1) the mental functions of a person are systemic formations that are formed throughout life, are arbitrary and mediated by speech;

2) the physiological basis of mental functions are functional systems that are interconnected with specific brain structures and consist of afferent and efferent interchangeable links.

Author: Vedekhina S.A.

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