Clinical psychology. Reducing the level of generalization (most important)

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Clinical psychology. Reducing the level of generalization (most important)

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14. Reducing the level of generalization

With a decrease in the level of generalization in patients, direct ideas about objects and phenomena prevail, i.e., instead of highlighting common features, patients establish specific situational connections between objects and phenomena. They are difficult to abstract from specific details.

B.V. Zeigarnik gives examples of performing the task “classification of objects” by patients with a reduced level of generalization: “... one of the patients described refuses to combine a goat and a wolf into one group, “because they are at enmity”; another patient does not combine a cat and a beetle , because “the cat lives in the house, and the beetle flies.” The particular signs “lives in the forest”, “flies” determine the judgments of patients more than the general sign “animals.” With a pronounced decrease in the level of generalization, the classification task is generally inaccessible to patients; for the subjects, the objects turn out to be so different in their specific properties that they cannot be combined. Even a table and a chair cannot be classified as one group, since “they sit on the chair, and work and eat on the table...”.

Let us give examples of the responses of patients with a reduced level of generalization in the "object exclusion" experiment. Patients are presented with pictures "kerosene lamp", "candle", "electric light bulb", "sun" and asked what needs to be removed. The experimenter receives the following responses.

1. "We must remove the candle. It is not needed, there is a light bulb."

2. "You don't need a candle, it burns out quickly, it is unprofitable, and then you can fall asleep, it can catch fire."

3. "We don't need a kerosene lamp, now there is electricity everywhere."

4. "If during the day, then you need to remove the sun - and without it it is light." Pictures "scales", "watches", "thermometer", "glasses" are presented:

1) the patient removes the thermometer, explaining that "it is only needed in the hospital";

2) the patient removes the scales, because "they are needed in the store when it is necessary to hang";

3) the patient cannot exclude anything: he says that the watch is needed "for time", and the thermometer - "to measure the temperature"; he cannot remove his glasses, because “if a person is short-sighted, then he needs them,” and scales “are not always needed, but are also useful in the household.”

So, we see that often patients approach the presented objects from the point of view of their suitability for life. They do not understand the conventions that are hidden in the task assigned to them.

Author: Vedekhina S.A.

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