Clinical psychology. Violations of the volitional sphere (the most important)

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Clinical psychology. Violations of the volitional sphere (the most important)

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30. Violations of the volitional sphere

The concept of will is inextricably linked with the concept of motivation. Motivation is a process of purposeful organized sustainable activity (the main goal is the satisfaction of needs).

Motives and needs are expressed in desires and intentions. Interest, which plays the most important role in the acquisition of new knowledge, can also be a stimulus for human cognitive activity.

Motivation and activity are closely related to motor processes, therefore the volitional sphere is sometimes referred to as motor-volitional.

Volitional disorders include:

1) violation of the structure of the hierarchy of motives - deviation of the formation of the hierarchy of motives from the natural and age characteristics of a person;

2) parabulia - the formation of pathological needs and motives;

3) hyperbulia - a violation of behavior in the form of motor disinhibition (excitation);

4) hypobulia - a violation of behavior in the form of motor inhibition (stupor).

One of the most striking clinical syndromes of the motor-volitional sphere is catatonic syndrome, which includes the following symptoms:

1) stereotypy - frequent rhythmic repetition of the same movements;

2) impulsive actions - sudden, senseless and ridiculous motor acts without sufficient critical evaluation;

3) negativism - an unreasonable negative attitude towards any external influences in the form of resistance and refusal;

4) echolalia and echopraxia - the patient’s repetition of individual words or actions that he hears or sees at the moment;

5) catalepsy (symptom of “waxy flexibility”) - the patient freezes in one position and maintains this position for a long time.

The following pathological symptoms are special types of disorders of the will:

1) a symptom of autism;

2) a symptom of automatisms.

A symptom of autism is manifested in the fact that patients lose the need to communicate with others. They develop pathological isolation, unsociableness and isolation.

Automatisms are the spontaneous and uncontrolled implementation of a number of functions, regardless of the presence of stimulating impulses from the outside. The following types of automatisms are distinguished.

1. Outpatient (occurs in patients with epilepsy and consists in the fact that the patient performs outwardly ordered and purposeful actions, which he completely forgets about after an epileptic seizure).

2. Somnambulistic (the patient is either in a hypnotic trance, or in a state between sleep and wakefulness).

3. Associative.

4. Senestopathic.

5. Kinesthetic.

The last three varieties of automatisms are observed in the syndrome of mental automatism of Kandinsky-Clerambault.

Author: Vedekhina S.A.

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