Clinical psychology. Aphasia (most important)

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Clinical psychology. Aphasia (most important)

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32. Aphasia

Aphasias are called systemic speech disorders that appear with global injuries of the cortex of the left hemisphere (in right-handed people). The term "aphasia" was proposed in 1864 by A. Trousseau.

Consider the classification of speech disorders proposed by A. R. Luria. He identified seven forms of aphasia.

1. Sensory aphasia is characterized by impaired phonemic hearing. At the same time, patients either do not understand the speech addressed to them at all, or (in less severe cases) do not understand speech in complicated conditions (for example, too fast speech), they have a sharp difficulty in writing from dictation, repeating the words they hear, and also reading (from -for the inability to monitor the correctness of their speech).

2. Acoustic-mnestic aphasia (violation of auditory-speech memory) is expressed in the fact that the patient understands spoken speech, but is not able to remember even small speech material (while phonemic hearing remains preserved). Such a violation of auditory-verbal memory leads to a misunderstanding of long phrases and oral speech in general.

3. Optical-mnestic aphasia is expressed in the fact that patients cannot correctly name the object, but try to describe the object and its functional purpose. Patients cannot draw even elementary objects, although their graphic movements remain preserved.

4. Afferent motor aphasia is associated with a violation of the flow of sensations from the articulatory apparatus to the cerebral cortex during speech. Patients have speech disorders.

5. Semantic aphasia is characterized by impaired understanding of prepositions, words and phrases that reflect spatial relationships. In patients with semantic aphasia, there are violations of visual-figurative thinking.

6. Motor efferent aphasia is expressed in the fact that the patient cannot pronounce a single word (only inarticulate sounds) or one word remains in the patient's oral speech, which is used as a substitute for all other words. At the same time, the patient retains the ability to understand the speech addressed to him (to some extent).

7. Dynamic aphasia is manifested in the poverty of speech statements, the absence of independent statements and monosyllabic answers to questions (patients are not able to compose even the simplest phrase, they cannot answer even elementary questions in detail).

Note that of the above types of speech disorders, the first five are interconnected with the loss of auditory, visual, kinesthetic links of speech, which are otherwise called afferent links. The remaining two types of aphasia are associated with the loss of the efferent link.

Author: Vedekhina S.A.

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