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53. Bioethics and medical ethics. Hippocratic Oath
Bioethics represents a significant point of philosophical knowledge. The formation and development of bioethics is closely related to the process of changing traditional ethics in general, as well as medical and biological ethics in particular. It can be explained, first of all, by the significantly increased attention to human rights (in particular, in medicine, these are the rights of the patient) and the creation of the latest medical technologies, which give rise to a lot of problems that require urgent solutions, from the point of view of both law and morality.
In addition, the formation of bioethics is determined by colossal changes in the technological support of modern medicine, great achievements in medical and clinical practice, which have become acceptable due to the success of transplantology, genetic engineering, the emergence of new equipment to support the life of the patient and the accumulation of practical and relevant theoretical knowledge. All these processes have made the most acute moral problems that are now facing the doctor, relatives of patients, and nursing staff.
Bioethics is an interdisciplinary research area that emerged around the late 1960s and early 1970s. The term "bioethics" itself was introduced by W. R. Potter in 1969. Today, its interpretation is very heterogeneous. Sometimes they try to equate bioethics with biomedical ethics, limiting its content to ethical problems in the doctor-patient relationship. In a broader sense, bioethics includes a number of social problems and problems that are associated with the health care system, human attitudes towards animals and plants.
And also the term "bioethics" suggests that it focuses on the study of living beings, regardless of whether they are used in therapy or not. Thus, bioethics focuses on the achievements of modern medicine and biology in substantiating or solving moral problems that arise in the course of scientific research.
In the past, there were various models, approaches to the issue of morality in medicine. Let's consider some of them.
Hippocratic model ("do no harm")
The principles of healing, which were laid by the "father of medicine" Hippocrates (460-377 BC), are at the origins of medical ethics. The famous healer in his well-known "Oath" formulated the obligations of the doctor to the patient. Its main position is the principle "do no harm". Even despite the fact that centuries have passed since then, the "Oath" has not lost its vitality, moreover, it is the standard for the construction of many modern ethical documents. In particular, the Russian Doctor's Oath, which was approved at the 4th Conference of the Association of Russian Doctors in Moscow in November 1994, contains positions that are close in spirit and even in wording.
Author: Zubanova S.G.
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