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11. Basic provisions of Christian ethics
Medieval ethical thinking denied the provisions of ancient moral philosophy, primarily because the basis for the interpretation of morality in it is not reason, but religious faith. The thinkers of the Middle Ages in their treatises assign a secondary role to reason, both in comprehending the very essence of morality and in choosing an individual moral position. The idea of God as a moral model in medieval ethics sets strict boundaries for the interpretation of all moral problems.
Ancient philosophers, solving the question of the highest good, proceeded from the fact that the good exists directly for man and for him, and therefore it was about the highest good of man. Christians opposed these ideas with a different thesis: since the highest good is God as a reality, the highest good exists for the glory of God himself.
In accordance with Christian ethics, human life and its values acquire meaning only in relation to divine commandments. Thus, God acts as an objective, unconditional, the only correct source of morality. Christian ethics is characterized by a contradictory combination of pessimistic and optimistic thoughts. Pessimism is mainly associated with the "local" world, and optimism - with hopes for the "kingdom of God." Man must give up self-will, completely submit to the will of God.
The key problem of the Christian ethical concept is the idea of love for God. Love is understood as a kind of universal principle of morality, morality. It determines the moral attitude towards one's neighbor, makes it possible to give morality a universal status, sanctifies everything that exists.
In Christian ethics, from the idea of love for God, a new virtue appears - mercy (unknown to ancient ethics), which presupposes forgiveness of offenses, readiness for compassion and help to those in need. It was with this period that the emergence of the “golden rule” of morality, written in the Bible, is associated: “So, in everything, as you want people to do to you, do so to them...”.
Since the era of the Middle Ages is characterized by the inseparability of moral consciousness proper from other forms of social consciousness and morality, Christian theology united philosophical, religious, and ethical problems into a single undivided complex. As a result, the problem of morality as an independent field of knowledge, in fact, is not raised, and traditional ethical questions acquire a religious orientation. In addition to "love" and "the highest good", Christian ethics developed such concepts as "act" and "intention" of an act, "virtue" and "sin", "vice" and "guilt".
Thus, all patristics in the Middle Ages was based on this idea of ethics. In addition, the understanding of God as the highest good, in which all people participate, and the following, to which contempt for death leads, served as an ethical proof of the existence of God.
Author: Zubanova S.G.
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