Этика. Синтетическая этика Фомы Аквинского (самое важное)

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Этика. Синтетическая этика Фомы Аквинского (самое важное)

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13. Synthetic ethics of Thomas Aquinas

Synthetic ethics of Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) relied on the provisions of Aristotle, but comprehending it in the context of Christian doctrine.

F. Aquinas singled out three parts of ethics: monastics, by which he meant the conditionality of human actions by a higher goal; economy, this concept included the virtues that are inherent in people as individuals; politics as civil behavior of people. And in the work "The Sum of Theology" the thinker singled out three main subjects of his philosophical research. It is God, the way to God, and Christ, who as a man is the way to God. The last two are the moral doctrine and the doctrine of salvation. They directly concern questions of ethics, inseparable from metaphysics, since morality is a kind of continuation of creation.

F. Aquinas believed that the will is oriented from the outside by reason, an external engine that informs it of spontaneity and guarantees its freedom. That mind is God. Morality is practically an organization of movement towards God. Thus, the interconnected will and reason become significant abilities of a person. The rationality of the will is in its purposefulness towards the highest goal, which is God.

Freedom in F. Aquinas is interpreted through the arbitrariness of action. The will, which is doomed in alliance with the intellect to implement the choice of goals, is considered by the thinker from two different positions: as a desire for an established goal and as a need for the means necessary to achieve the goal. The will that has reached its goal looks like pleasure.

Thus, one of the main problems for Thomas is the correlation of human actions with the good. But at the same time, not every action that a person performs, consisting of different spheres (reasonable, vegetative, sensual), F. Aquinas defined as actually human. The humanness of an action will depend on how, to what extent it will correspond to the form of a person, originally given by God. This means that the measure of the humanity of an action is the measure of its subordination to reason.

Use it for evil, because through it God manifests himself in a person. The virtues of a person are all the abilities of the soul, namely: reason, will, desire.

F. Aquinas's doctrine of virtue is closely connected with the doctrine of sin, which he presents as a deviation from good goals.

The quality that characterizes a deviant will is called malice. Sin is a transgression of laws. The severity of a person's sin depends on the sinful act.

The perversion of the will is an expression of rooted sinfulness, vice. Thus, the main thing in the ethical teaching of Thomas is the assertion of the primacy of reason over the will, which was fully consistent with the intellectual orientation of the XNUMXth century. At the same time, F. Aquinas supplemented his provisions with the idea that love for God is much more important than knowledge of God.

Author: Zubanova S.G.

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