40. Nature and society: the evolution of relationships

Environmental ethics - this is a direction of interdisciplinary research, the subject of which is the moral and spiritual aspects of the relationship of man and society to nature. In English-language and Northern European literature environmental ethics is a direction of philosophical and ethical research that is gaining strength, focused on revising the value foundations of Western civilization, on changing the integral development of a person and limiting his life on Earth.

It is well known that the primary impact of man on the environment is associated with his instrumental activity, power supply and the ability to accumulate, store and transmit information to generations. These three elements ultimately characterize the difference between people and other living beings, the consistency of human actions with biospheric processes, the probability of finding one's own place in the biosphere by ecologically determined methods.

People began to use simple tools about 3 million years ago. The beginnings of its characteristic influence on the environment can be associated with this time. Subsequently, weapon activity improved, and the overall effect of its impact on the environment gradually increased. The amount of energy spent on meeting human needs has also increased, and it is this indicator that is usually considered as energy availability.

It is also known that 2500-3000 kcal of energy per day is enough to satisfy the actual biological needs of a person, as well as other species very close to him in size.

During the period when a person was engaged in gathering, he received with food and spent the same amount of energy to ensure life. Today, the existence of an average person is associated with the use of 80-100 thousand kcal of energy per day. And in industrialized countries, the daily average per capita energy consumption is 250-300 thousand kcal.

In the literature, one can also find the following factors of coordinated human activity with the laws and principles of general ecology.

1. Changing the boundaries of optimal and limiting factors. A person can change the strength of action and the number of limiting factors and narrow or expand the boundaries of the average values ​​of environmental factors.

2. Changing factors that regulate population size.

3. Human impact on the functioning of living matter in the biosphere. One of the main results of human activity is the violation of the mechanisms of the existence of living matter and its functions.

4. Consequences of differences in the rates of social and technological progress. Social and technogenic structures are characterized by low environmental efficiency.

5. Alienation of a person from the natural environment. Human actions violate the time factor in the development of biospheric processes, and also lead to alienation from nature, its subordination to its goals.

Author: Zubanova S.G.

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