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17. Rational ethics of R. Descartes
New time is mainly focused on revealing the naturalistic basis of morality, on the search for harmony between objective and subjective factors.
The new ideas of the thinkers of the New Age are very significant and not only "reduce morality from heaven to earth", but also substantiate the moral usefulness of the individual. The idea of the independence of the moral subject, on which the spiritual opposition was based in the Middle Ages, becomes central.
Descartes' doctrine of the passions actually occupies the place traditionally assigned to ethics in metaphysics.
Rene Descartes builds his anthropology as an anatomy of the movements of the human body. The life of the body, he believes, can be described on the basis of understandable physical laws. Man is just a physical substance that can be observed and understood. Passions are the natural nature of man, practically autonomous from the mental efforts of the soul. Passions can be represented through the description of the physical-physiological mechanism.
Descartes attributed to passions all the movements of human life, excluding only those few that cannot belong to the body. "Thoughts" belong not to the body, but only to the soul. Descartes also calls all kinds of perceptions or knowledge passive states (they are acquired from things, from outside).
Autonomous actions of the soul are only desires, which depend on the freely manifesting will. Descartes clearly depicts human bodily existence as a movement of passions.
This model is mechanical in nature.
It is she, according to Descartes, who can claim the completeness of the description. Descartes considers the effect of objects on our feelings as the main cause of passions. It has a different meaning for a person, either by exciting various passions, the number of which is infinitely large, or by giving birth to six primary passions. Among these, the thinker singled out: love, hatred, surprise, desire, joy and sadness.
Descartes also turned to a traditional for metaphysics, directly ethical topic - power over passions... He calls for “making efforts to instruct and guide” human passions, to refrain from extremes. At the same time, Descartes is convinced that “those people who are especially concerned about passions can enjoy life to the greatest extent.” Thus, the thinker does not give any moral prescriptions. He does not take on the role of moralizer or preacher, but is an independent observer.
The ethical position of the philosopher of self-sufficiency is in the main procedure that Descartes developed in his concept, the procedure I think. His developments in the field of anthropology as physical and physiological research are also considered ethical. Researchers also attribute a carefully and consciously built life strategy to the ethical teaching of a philosopher, since they believe that it is precisely this that is his ethical gesture and the internal condition of his philosophizing.
Author: Zubanova S.G.
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