Этика. Этическое учение Платона (самое важное)

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Этика. Этическое учение Платона (самое важное)

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7. The ethical teaching of Plato

Platonism (427-347 BC) is considered the first attempt to systematize ethical ideas, which was carried out by the philosopher on an objective-idealistic basis. Sharing the rationalistic principles of his teacher, Plato also set himself the task of formulating general concepts. Just like Socrates, he chose the deductive method of research for this.

Socrates discovered a discrepancy between the existing and the proper in the world. He revealed the contradiction between general moral views and their individual incarnations. Socrates was never able to find in the real world analogues of goodness and beauty in themselves. Plato continued to study this problem.

Plato's ethical concept can be divided into two related parts: individual ethics and social ethics. The first is the doctrine of the intellectual and moral improvement of man, which Plato associates with the harmonization of his soul.

The philosopher opposes the soul to the body precisely because the body of a person belongs to the lower sensory world, and the soul is able to come into contact with the real world - the world of eternal ideas. The main aspects of the human soul are thus the basis of his virtues: reasonable - wisdom, affective - moderation, strong-willed - courage. Human virtues thus have an innate character, they are special steps in the harmonization of his soul and ascent to the world of eternal ideas. In the ascent of man to the ideal world is the meaning of his being.

And the means to his exaltation is the contempt of the bodily, the power of reason over low passions. Conditioned by these principles, the social ethics of the philosopher assumes the presence of certain virtues in each estate. According to the teachings of Plato, the rulers must have wisdom, the class of warriors - courage, and the lower classes - moderation.

Using a rigid political as well as moral hierarchy in the state, one can achieve the highest virtue. This virtue is justice, which, according to Plato, testifies to social harmony. To achieve it, the philosopher argues, it is necessary to sacrifice the interests of the individual.

Thus, in Plato's ideal society there is no room for individuality. It should be noted that the perfect state, which the thinker depicted, turned out to be very unattractive, not so much because of the spirit of intellectual aristocracy, but because of the inferiority of the presence of representatives of each estate in it, since the "order" proposed by Plato in society would not bring happiness to anyone.

Thus, the key to understanding the essence of Plato's morality is the position that the content of individual being must be socially significant. This idea of Plato, like his other ideas, was comprehended and developed by his student, Aristotle.

Author: Zubanova S.G.

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