25. Ethics and philosophy of unity. V. S. Solovyov

The idealistic direction of Russian ethics, for which the period of the late XIX - early XX centuries. turned out to be a kind of Renaissance, extremely diverse and multicolored, while its key ideas are still quite traditional for a religious interpretation of morality. Russian idealistic ethics is an extremely complex, in many respects a unique phenomenon of spiritual culture, worthy of a separate discussion, and in this lecture it is only necessary to consolidate some of its manifestations in the most general form.

Speaking of panethism, it should be noted that the idealistic thought of this era was characterized by an "ethical bias", i.e., the dominance of ethical issues. There are many reasons for this distinctive phenomenon in the spiritual life of Russian society, the main ones are related to the reassessment of values, an attempt to solve socio-economic problems by ideological, theoretical means. Preference was given to moral measures.

Since they were recognized as the main ones in public life, various projects for the moral renewal of the whole world were created, and ethics was assigned the main role in the entire system of philosophical knowledge.

Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov, who set himself the task of forming a new type of idealism (synthetic, practical, humanized), sought to substantiate the concept of absolute synthesis, the main principle of which is “positive unity” (according to V.S. Solovyov, this is “complete freedom of the constituent parts in the perfect unity of the whole ").

This principle provides an opportunity to create "whole knowledge" (connection of faith, creativity, intuition), and the result of its implementation is "theosophy". The main part of V. S. Solovyov's theosophy is ethics and its understanding by the philosopher as a complete principle in the synthesis of morality with a person (subjective ethics) and with society (objective ethics). The main role in ethical research, according to the definition of V.S. Solovyov, is played by moral activity, which should be investigated both from the inside and from the outside.

The first type of activity can be realized in the God-man, and the second - in God-manhood. As a result, ethics determines the ideals and conditions for the realization of both the ideal personality and the "should be" human society.

In his philosophical work Justification of the Good, Solovyov put forward ideas about the three foundations of morality, namely, that its components: shame, reverence, pity, about the importance of conscience and love in moral activity, about the main principles of morality (worship of God, asceticism, altruism ). He considered the question of the meaning and purpose of human life to be the main theme of ethics. The students of V. S. Solovyov continued the traditions that he laid down, but with somewhat different accents, which reinforce the significance of not the social, but the religious validity of morality. "Morality is rooted in religion. The inner light, in which the distinction between good and evil in man is made, comes from the" Source of Lights "" (S. N. Bulgakov).

Author: Zubanova S.G.

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