Этика. Насилие и государство (самое важное)

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Этика. Насилие и государство (самое важное)

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48. Violence and the State

An important qualitative leap in limiting violence was the emergence of the state. The attitude of the state to violence, in contrast to the primitive practice of talion, is characterized by three main features.

The state monopolizes violence, institutionalizes it and replaces it with indirect forms.

The state means such a stage in the development of society when the provision of its security becomes a special function within the framework of the general division of labor. To this end, the right to violence is concentrated in the hands of a group of certain individuals and is exercised according to established rules. Approximately in the same way as artisans, farmers, merchants, etc. appear, guards (warriors, policemen) appear, who are called upon to protect the life and property of people both from their mutual encroachments and from external enemies.

Human security in a primitive society is a matter of the whole family: here every adult male is a warrior. The right of blood feud is recognized by all, and each kindred, in accordance with a certain custom and sequence, perceives it as his inalienable duty.

But with the advent of the state, security becomes the responsibility of a special structure, which is the monopoly holder of the right to use violence. The principle "Thou shalt not kill", considered in a specific historical content, was just aimed at seizing the right of violence from the population itself (compatriots) and transferring it to the state. First of all, it was intended to block the actions of people demanding fair retribution, to guarantee in exchange that the state would punish and protect.

The violence practiced by the state is based on reasonable arguments and is characterized by impartiality, thus it reaches a qualitatively higher level of institutionalization compared to the talion. The state has also taken another important step in limiting violence.

In the state, violence is often replaced by the threat of violence. German explorer R. Speemann in his work Morality and Violence, he distinguishes three types of influence of one person on another:

1) actual violence;

2) speech;

3) public authority.

Violence is physical. Speech is an influence on motivation. Social power is an action on the circumstances of life that determine behavior. This circumstance is a compulsion to motives. This is the case, in particular, of the state at the moment when it encourages or restricts childbearing in society through the policy of taxes. In relation to public power, violence and speech act as the primary means of influencing man on man.

State violence is not just a limitation of violence. This is such a limitation that creates the prerequisites for decisive overcoming and transition to a fundamentally non-violent social order.

Author: Zubanova S.G.

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