26. The problem of freedom and justification of ethical problems. N. A. Berdyaev

Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev. The thinker went through a difficult path of understanding the subject of ethical knowledge, expressing many interesting ideas. Thus, in particular, he wrote that the subject of ethics can be considered the antithesis of what should be and what is; argued the opposition between the “philosophy of tragedy,” which is capable of seeing the essence of morality, and the “philosophy of everyday life,” which only skims the surface of human existence. The philosopher also distinguished between genuine and inauthentic morality.

In later works, N. A. Berdyaev contrasted the moral with the social, affirmed individual moral values ​​and denied morality as something universally valid, obligatory.

The key problem in the teachings of N. A. Berdyaev was the problem of the meaning of life. “To comprehend the meaning of life, to feel the connection with this objective meaning is the most important and only important thing, in the name of it any other thing can be abandoned” - this statement of N. A. Berdyaev was supported by all Russian idealists, although in the process of searching for the meaning of life, their path often diverged.

Throwing between pessimism (mainly in relation to existence) and optimism, which is associated with the adoption of a higher ideal, is also inherent in all teachings, although the proportion of pessimism is much greater among representatives of the second direction, in particular, N. A. Berdyaev. Deep and vivid descriptions of the meaninglessness and even tragedy of human existence have become for Russian philosophers a special background for the creation of positive, that is, the justification of such values ​​that will make it possible to overcome evil and suffering, to give life a true meaning.

The meaning of life is the highest true value, which must be seen ("comprehended" through mystical intuition), easily accepted by a person and implemented in his activity. A lot of interesting ideas are contained in the work of N. A. Berdyaev and on the problem of freedom.

The world "lies in evil", it needs to be changed, destroying the gap between what should be and what is, to bring Good, Beauty, Truth into life. Differences in the reasoning of Russian idealists on this topic practically come down to establishing the paramount importance of the internal, spiritual, religious and moral transformation of the individual and society. This "practical" task is practically not commensurate with real life.

I would only like to object to attempts to infinitely raise the significance of Russian idealism and turn the names of its main representatives and their teachings into some kind of sacred incantations. What is needed today is, first of all, a serious, thoughtful analysis of Russian philosophy.

An attempt to spiritualize the world, to discover the priority of morality is very important and in many respects is in tune with the processes that are characteristic of our days. It is quite possible that familiarization with these samples of Russian ethical thought can at least to some extent stimulate the process of moral improvement of the individual.

Author: Zubanova S.G.

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