Этика. Этические ценности (самое важное)

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Этика. Этические ценности (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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4. Ethical values

Pleasure as a position and value in it is both recognized and accepted. A person's desire for pleasure determines the hedonist's motives and the hierarchy of his values, his way of life. Calling good pleasure, the hedonist consciously builds his goals, in accordance not with good, but with pleasure.

Benefit. This is a positive value, which is based on a person’s interests and attitude towards various objects, the comprehension of which makes it possible to maintain and improve his social, political, economic, professional, and cultural status.

Utility characterizes the means necessary to achieve some goal. Along with the benefits, utilitarian thinking also includes other value concepts, for example, "success", "efficiency". Thus, something is considered useful if:

1) meets someone's interests;

2) ensures the achievement of the set goals;

3) contributes to the success of actions;

4) contributes to the effectiveness of actions.

Like other practical values (success, expediency, efficiency, advantage, etc.), utility is a relative value in contrast to absolute values (goodness, truth, beauty, perfection).

As a value, utility is in the interests of people. However, taking utility as the sole criterion for action leads to a conflict of interest. The most characteristic expression of benefit-oriented human activity is entrepreneurship as an activity aimed at achieving profit through the production of goods and the provision of various services.

Justice - this is one of the principles that regulates the relationship between people regarding the distribution or redistribution, also mutual (in exchange, donation), social values.

Social values are understood in the broadest sense. These are, for example, freedom, opportunities, income, signs of respect or prestige. Just people are called those who obey the laws and return good for good, and unjust are those who create arbitrariness, violate the rights of people, do not remember the good done to them. Retribution to each according to his merits is recognized as fair, and undeserved punishments and honors are recognized as unfair.

The tradition of dividing justice into two types goes back to Aristotle: distribution (or rewarding) and equalizing (or directional). The first is connected with the distribution of property, honors and other benefits among members of society. In this case, justice means that a certain amount of goods should be distributed in proportion to merit. The second is associated with the exchange, and justice is designed to equalize the parties.

Mercy is the highest moral principle. But there is no reason to always expect it from others. Mercy must be considered a duty, not a duty of man. In human relations, mercy is only a recommended requirement.

Author: Zubanova S.G.

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