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42. The problem of urbanization and ecology in big cities
Catastrophes are a big problem for large cities. The overcrowding of the population in them results in greater than in rural areas, the death of people during catastrophes, for example, during earthquakes.
Moreover, large cities (megalopolises) sometimes themselves provoke catastrophic events due to their strong impact on the environment. There is a very clear pattern: the lower the technical and socio-economic level of development of the city, the greater the probability of death of the population in disasters. For example, in the cities of Asia, the death of the urban population during disasters is twice as high as in Europe.
One of the reasons for this phenomenon is considered to be an increase in man-made disasters that are associated with cities either directly or indirectly (maintenance of supply lines, warehouses, etc.). Since the growth of cities is an inevitable phenomenon of our time, people are looking for ways to ease the pressure of urban civilization on the environment and health. The main way to solve this problem is the greening of the urban environment. This will be possible thanks to the creation or preservation of natural or artificially created ecosystems (parks, squares, botanical gardens, etc.) within urban settlements. Settlements where urban development is combined with an indispensable variety of architecture and natural landscapes are called eco-cities, or ecocity . In relation to them in urban construction, the term "ecological architecture" is also used.
This concept is invested in this type of development of urban areas, in which the socio-ecological needs of people are taken into account to the utmost: approaching nature, liberation from the monotony of buildings, a population density of no more than 100 people per 1 ha, the creation of microdistricts (no more than 30 thousand people), preservation of at least 50% of the area for all kinds of green spaces and flower beds, fencing off transport routes from residential areas, creating better conditions for people to communicate, etc.
Although it should be borne in mind that this extensive way of greening cities has not only positive, but also negative consequences, since the expansion of suburban developments more often exacerbates than solves environmental problems. The development of suburban cottages is associated with a large alienation of land, as well as the destruction of natural ecosystems, sometimes their destruction.
This construction is associated with the use of large spaces for the construction of roads, water pipes, sewer networks and other communications. In addition, the indigenous inhabitants of the cities as a result will be deprived of nearby places of recreation, and the cities themselves will lose contact with natural landscapes.
In the context of the spread of the global crisis, within the framework of the prevailing natural-science consciousness of technogenic civilization, a lot of applied ethics are being created, which have the goal of morally limiting the gross forms of exploitation of nature by man.
Author: Zubanova S.G.
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Often a developer is faced with the need to digitize an analog signal, or to form an analog signal from a digital one. Such transformations are performed by comparison with a reference analog signal, the generator of which is a reference voltage source (ION). They are built into many DACs and ADCs, but the stability and accuracy of the internal voltage reference may not be enough. In such cases, an external reference must be used.
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